拂菻
Chinese
| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (拂菻) |
拂 | 菻 | |
Etymology
Unknown. A review of the etymological proposals for this word has been written by Zhang Xushan, favoring a derivation from Sogdian [script needed] (frwm /frūm/), [script needed] (βrʾwm /frūm, frōm/, “Rome, Byzantium”) or Chorasmian [script needed] (frōm), which are akin to Parthian frwm (Frōm), Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrōm, “Rome; Byzantine”), and Old Armenian Հռովմ (Hṙovm), all of which are ultimately from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˇ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Fwuliin
- IPA (key): /fu³⁵ lin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: fat1 lam4
- Yale: fāt làhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: fat7 lam4
- Guangdong Romanization: fed1 lem4
- IPA (key): /fɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 拂 | 菻 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 敷勿切 | 力稔切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/pʰɨut̚/ | /liɪmX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/pʰiut̚/ | /limX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/pʰiuət̚/ | /ljemX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/pʰut̚/ | /limX/ |
| Li Rong |
/pʰiuət̚/ | /liəmX/ |
| Wang Li |
/pʰĭuət̚/ | /lĭĕmX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/pʰi̯uət̚/ | /li̯əmX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
fu | lǐn |
Proper noun
拂菻
- (obsolete) Byzantium
References
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