स
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Translingual
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /sə/ (may vary by language)
Letter
स (sa)
- The third sibilant of the Devanagari script. Linguistically it is considered an alveolar sibilant.
See also
Ligatures:
Hindi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [sə]
Letter
स • (sa)
See also
- (Devanagari script letters) अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः, अँ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह, त्र, ज्ञ, क्ष, क़, ख़, ग़, ज़, झ़, ड़, ढ़, ष़ (Category: Hindi letters) [edit]
Konkani
Alternative forms
- सो (so)
Etymology
From Sanskrit षष् (ṣaṣ), from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs (“six”). Compare Hindi छह (chah) and Marathi सहा (sahā).
Numeral
स (sa/so) (Latin script sov, Kannada script ಸ)
Sanskrit
Etymology 1
Letter
स • (sa)
- the last of the three sibilants, /s/
Etymology 2
Noun
स • (sa)
- (prosody) an anapest
Etymology 3
Abbreviation
स • (sa)
- (in music) an abbreviated term for षड्ज (ṣaḍ-ja)
Etymology 4
Noun
स • (sa) m
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of स | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | सः (saḥ) | ||
| Gen. sg. | सस्य (sasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | सः (saḥ) | सौ (sau) | साः (sāḥ) |
| Vocative | स (sa) | सौ (sau) | साः (sāḥ) |
| Accusative | सम् (sam) | सौ (sau) | सान् (sān) |
| Instrumental | सेन (sena) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सैः (saiḥ) |
| Dative | साय (sāya) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सेभ्यः (sebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | सात् (sāt) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सेभ्यः (sebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | सस्य (sasya) | सयोः (sayoḥ) | सानाम् (sānām) |
| Locative | से (se) | सयोः (sayoḥ) | सेषु (seṣu) |
Noun
स • (sa) n
- knowledge
- meditation
- a carriage road
- a fence
Declension
| Neuter a-stem declension of स | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | सम् (sam) | ||
| Gen. sg. | सस्य (sasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | सम् (sam) | से (se) | सानि (sāni) |
| Vocative | स (sa) | से (se) | सानि (sāni) |
| Accusative | सम् (sam) | से (se) | सानि (sāni) |
| Instrumental | सेन (sena) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सैः (saiḥ) |
| Dative | साय (sāya) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सेभ्यः (sebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | सात् (sāt) | साभ्याम् (sābhyām) | सेभ्यः (sebhyaḥ) |
| Genitive | सस्य (sasya) | सयोः (sayoḥ) | सानाम् (sānām) |
| Locative | से (se) | सयोः (sayoḥ) | सेषु (seṣu) |
Etymology 5
From the root √san (“to procure, bestow, give, distribute”).
Adjective
स • (sa)
Etymology 6
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sá, *sā, *tád, from Proto-Indo-European *só, *séh₂, *tód. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁ (ho), ἡ (hē), τό (tó), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English se (English the). Confer also suppletive-stem feminine and neuter forms सा (sā), तद् (tad).
Pronoun
स • (sá) m
- (3rd person pronoun) he
Declension
| Declension of स | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. sg. | सः, स (saḥ, sa) | ||
| Gen. sg. | तस्य (tasya) | ||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | सः, स (saḥ, sa) | तौ (tau) | ते (te) |
| Vocative | — | — | — |
| Accusative | तम् (tam) | तौ (tau) | तान् (tān) |
| Instrumental | तेन (tena) | ताभ्याम् (tābhyām) | तैः (taiḥ) |
| Dative | तस्मै (tasmai) | ताभ्याम् (tābhyām) | तेभ्यः (tebhyaḥ) |
| Ablative | तस्मात्, ततः (tasmāt, tataḥ) | ताभ्याम् , ततः (tābhyām , tataḥ) | तेभ्यः, ततः (tebhyaḥ, tataḥ) |
| Genitive | तस्य (tasya) | तयोः (tayoḥ) | तेषाम् (teṣām) |
| Locative | तस्मिन्, सस्मिन् (tasmin, sasmin) | तयोः (tayoḥ) | तेषु (teṣu) |
Usage notes
The final s of the nominative m sás is dropped before all consonants (except before /p/ in RV. v, 2, 4, and before /t/ in RV. viii, 33, 16) and appears only at the end of a sentence in the form of visarga. sa occasionally blends with another vowel (as in saī*ṣaḥ) and it is often for emphasis connected with another pronoun as with अहम् (aham), त्वम् (tvam), एष (eṣa), अयम् (ayam) etc.
- सो ऽहम्स त्वम् ― so ’hamsa tvam ― I (or thou) that very person; cf. under तद् (tád)
The verb then following in the 1st and 2nd person even if aham or tvam be omitted
- स त्वा पृच्छामि ― sa tvā pṛcchāmi ― I that very person ask you
- स वै नो ब्रूहि ― sa vai no brūhi ― do thou tell us
Similarly, to denote emphasis, with भवान् (bhavān)
- स भावन् विजयाय प्रतिष्ठताम् ― sa bhāvan vijayāya pratiṣṭhatām ― let your Highness set out for victory
It sometimes (and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas) stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a relatve pronoun or adverb such as य (ya), यद् (yad), यदि (yadi), यथा (yathā), चेद् (ce*d); in this position sa may be used pleonastically or as a kind of indeclinable, even where another gender or number is required
- स यदि स्थावरा आपो भनन्ति ― sa yadi sthāvarā āpo bhananti ― if those waters are stagnant
In the Sāṃkhya sa, like एष (eṣa), क (ka), and य (ya), is used to denote पुरुष (puruṣa), "the Universal Soul".
The locative singular form सस्मिन् (sasmin) is primarily used in Ṛg Veda.
Etymology 7
Prefix
स • (sa)
- an inseparable prefix expressing "junction", "conjunction", "possession" (as opposed to a privative), "similarity", "equality"
- when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by "with", "together or along with", "accompanied by", "added to", "having", "possessing", "containing", "having the same"
- सकोप (sa-kopa) — full of anger, enraged, displeased
- साग्नि (sā*gni) — together with the fire
- सभार्य (sa-bhārya) — with a wife, having a wife
- सद्रोण (sa-droṇa) — with a droṇa added to a droṇa
- सधर्मन् (sa-dharman) — having the same duties
- सवर्ण (sa-varṇa) — having the same colour or appearance, similar, like
- "-ly"
- सकोपम् (sa-kopam) — angrily
- सोपधि (so*padhi) — fraudulently
References
- Sir Monier Monier-Williams (1898) A Sanskrit-English dictionary etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 1111