tw

See also: TW, tw., .tw, t.w., and ṯw

Egyptian

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tuː/
- Conventional anglicization: tu

Etymology 1

From earlier tj.

Determiner

f sg proximal, later copular/vocative demonstrative determiner

this [Old Egyptian]
O (vocative reference) [Middle Egyptian]

Usage notes

This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners						pronouns¹	adverbs
number	singular		dual		plural		unmarked
gender	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal	pn	tn, jtn	jpnj	jptnj	jpn	jptn	nn	—
distal	pf	tf	jpfj	jptfj	jpf	jptf	nf	—
proximal	pj, pw, py, p	tj, tw, jtw	jpwj	jptwj	jpw	jptw	nw	—
vocative	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners and pronouns			adverbs
number	singular		plural¹
gender	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal	pn	tn	nn	ꜥn
distal	pf, pfꜣ	tf, tfꜣ	nf, nfꜣ	ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative	pw, pwy	tw, twy	nw	—
anaphoric	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles

	masculine	feminine	plural	adverb
pronoun	pꜣw			dj
determiners and pronouns	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns)	pꜣy	tꜣy	nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)	p-n, pꜣ	t-nt, tꜣ	nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ¹
indefinite articles	wꜥ¹		nhꜣy¹
Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tw

tw

There is also an alternative form that cannot stand alone as a pronoun: twy.

Pronoun

impersonal enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

used as the impersonal subject of an adverbial predicate or verb form; one, someone or something unspecified [Middle Egyptian]
used as a substitute for noun phrases referring to the king [since the New Kingdom]

Usage notes

tw can be used as a subject without any introductory particle only with a verb in the periphrastic prospective (the pseudoverbal construction with r).

In the sense referring to the king, this pronoun is conventionally translated as capitalized “One”.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tw

tw

t

tj

rare

Derived terms

tw.tw

Related terms

.tw

Etymology 2

Pronoun

m sg 2. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

Variant spelling of ṯw

References

Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 54–55, 181
Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

White Hmong

Noun

tw

tail

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