-us

See also: -uus, -ys, and Appendix:Variations of "us"

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

Suffix

-us

  1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

Etymology

Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs.
    armastama "to love" → armastus "love"
    võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"
    joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"
  2. Derives nouns from adjectives.
    aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"
    pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Declension

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Estonian_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Estonian words suffixed with -us</a>

Finnish

Etymology 1

Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

  1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
    kuvata (“to describe”) → kuvaus (“description”)
    pakata (“to pack”) → pakkaus (“package”)
    ylentää (“to promote”) → ylennys (“promotion”)
    hälyttää (“to alarm”) → hälytys (“an alarm”)
  2. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
    kanta (“base”) → kannus (“spur”)
    sormi (“finger”) → sormus (“ring”)
    vasta- (“counter-”) → vastus (“resistance, opposition”)
    kehä (“circle, ring”) → kehys (“frame”)
    syli (“bosom, lap”) → sylys (“armful”)
    typerä (“stupid”) → typerys (“fool”)
Declension
Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative -us -ukset
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
illative -ukseen -uksiin
singular plural
nominative -us -ukset
accusative nom. -us -ukset
gen. -uksen
genitive -uksen -usten
-uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
inessive -uksessa -uksissa
elative -uksesta -uksista
illative -ukseen -uksiin
adessive -uksella -uksilla
ablative -ukselta -uksilta
allative -ukselle -uksille
essive -uksena -uksina
translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
instructive — -uksin
abessive -uksetta -uksitta
comitative — -uksineen

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Finnish_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Finnish words suffixed with -us</a>

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

  1. Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
Declension
Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40/kalleus, t-d gradation)
nominative -us -udet
genitive -uden -uksien
partitive -utta -uksia
illative -uteen -uksiin
singular plural
nominative -us -udet
accusative nom. -us -udet
gen. -uden
genitive -uden -uksien
partitive -utta -uksia
inessive -udessa -uksissa
elative -udesta -uksista
illative -uteen -uksiin
adessive -udella -uksilla
ablative -udelta -uksilta
allative -udelle -uksille
essive -utena -uksina
translative -udeksi -uksiksi
instructive — -uksin
abessive -udetta -uksitta
comitative — -uksineen

Anagrams

Hungarian

Etymology

-u (“diminutive suffix”) + -s (“diminutive suffix”)[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [uʃ]

Suffix

-us

  1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
    Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)
    apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)
    cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)
    kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)
  2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.
    agronómus (“agronomist”)

Usage notes

(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, usually ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Hungarian_nouns_suffixed_with_-us'>Hungarian nouns suffixed with -us</a>
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Hungarian_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Hungarian words suffixed with -us</a>

See also

  • -is
  • Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

Latin

Etymology

From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending).

Pronunciation

Suffix

-us m (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second declension

  1. suffix forming adjectives

Declension

First/second declension.

Number Singular Plural
Case / Gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
nominative -us -a -um -ī -ae -a
genitive -ī -ae -ī -ōrum -ārum -ōrum
dative -ō -ō -īs
accusative -um -am -um -ōs -ās -a
ablative -ō -ā -ō -īs
vocative -e -a -um -ī -ae -a

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Latin_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Latin words suffixed with -us</a>

See also

References

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-ùs m stress pattern 4

  1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
    ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)
    kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)
Declension
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Lithuanian_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Lithuanian words suffixed with -us</a>
  • -usis

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs m

  1. Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
    alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
    sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
Declension

(noun):

(adjective):

Etymology 3

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs

  1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
  2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Derived terms
  • -uosius

Etymology 4

Cognate with Russian -в (-v). See also -usi. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us

  1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
    bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)
    slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hid”)
  • -ęs

References

  1. ↑ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

  1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Middle_Welsh_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Middle Welsh words suffixed with -us</a>

Descendants

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

Suffix

-us

  1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
    vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)
    muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”)
  2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
    juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”)

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection

For even-syllable stems:

Odd, no gradation
Nominative -us
Genitive -osa
Singular Plural
Nominative -us -osat
Accusative -osa -osiid
Genitive -osa -osiid
Illative -osii -osiidda
Locative -osis -osiin
Comitative -osiin -osiiguin
Essive -usin
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -osan -oseamẹ -oseamẹt
2nd person -osat -oseattẹ -oseattẹt
3rd person -osis -oseaskkạ -oseasẹt

For odd-syllable stems:

Even a-stem, ss-s gradation
Nominative -us
Genitive -usa
Singular Plural
Nominative -us -usat
Accusative -usa -usaid
Genitive -usa -usaid
Illative -ussii -usaide
Locative -usas -usain
Comitative -usain -usaiguin
Essive -ussan
Possessive forms
Singular Dual Plural
1st person -ussan -ussame -ussamet
2nd person -ussat -ussade -ussadet
3rd person -ussas -ussaska -ussaset

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Northern_Sami_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Northern Sami words suffixed with -us</a>

Old French

Alternative forms

Suffix

-us

  1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Old_French_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Old French words suffixed with -us</a>

Descendants

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /us/

Suffix

-us

  1. Alternative form of -as
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Old_Irish_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Old Irish words suffixed with -us</a>

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us (suffixed pronoun)

  1. her (object pronoun)
  2. them
See also

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh -us, from Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

  1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Welsh_words_suffixed_with_-us'>Welsh words suffixed with -us</a>
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