終える
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 終 |
| お Grade: 3 |
| kun’yomi |
Etymology
⟨wopu⟩ → ⟨wope2ru⟩ → /woperu/ → /woferu/ → /oheru/ → /oeru/
From Old Japanese verb wopu.[1][2][3]
The root verb was ambitransitive, with both transitive and intransitive senses conjugated using the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern. Over time, the two senses differentiated as the intransitive evolved into modern 終わる (owaru, also derivable as the spontaneous or passive -aru ending from a putative but unrecorded 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō), the full quadrigrade conjugation pattern), while the transitive evolved into modern 終える (oeru, with the 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) pattern, also known as "type 2", and the expected historical development for shimo nidan verbs).
Probably not related to superficially similar 追う (ou, ancient opu, “to follow”, quadrigrade conjugation in older Japanese), considering the distinct lack of initial /w/ in ancient spellings.
Pronunciation
Verb
終える (transitive, ichidan conjugation, hiragana おえる, rōmaji oeru, historical hiragana をへる)
Conjugation
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 終え | おえ | oe | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 終え | おえ | oe | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 終える | おえる | oeru | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 終える | おえる | oeru | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 終えれ | おえれ | oere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 終えよ¹ 終えろ² |
おえよ¹ おえろ² |
oeyo¹ oero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 終えられる | おえられる | oerareru | |
| Causative | 終えさせる 終えさす |
おえさせる おえさす |
oesaseru oesasu | |
| Potential | 終えられる 終えれる³ |
おえられる おえれる³ |
oerareru oereru³ | |
| Volitional | 終えよう | おえよう | oeyō | |
| Negative | 終えない 終えぬ 終えん |
おえない おえぬ おえん |
oenai oenu oen | |
| Negative continuative | 終えず | おえず | oezu | |
| Formal | 終えます | おえます | oemasu | |
| Perfective | 終えた | おえた | oeta | |
| Conjunctive | 終えて | おえて | oete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 終えれば | おえれば | oereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Synonyms
- 終う (shimau)
- 結ぶ (musubu)
- 締め括る (shimekukuru)
- けりを付ける (keri o tsukeru)
Antonyms
- 始める (hajimeru)
Related terms
References
- ↑ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 1 2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1 2 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ Hirayama, Tetsuo (1960) 全国アクセント辞典 (Nationwide Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: 東京堂,.