ἰός

See also: ιός, Ίος, and -ιος

Ancient Greek

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hellenic *ihwós, a thematicization of Proto-Indo-European *(H)isu- (“arrow”). Cognates include Sanskrit इषु (íṣu, “arrow”) and Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬎‎ (išu, “arrow”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

arrow
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.48
  ἕζετ᾿ ἔπειτ᾿ ἀπάνευθε νεῶν, μετὰ δ᾿ ἰὸν ἕηκε
  hézet᾿ épeit᾿ apáneuthe neôn, metà d᾿ iòn héēke
  Then he sat down apart from the ships and let fly an arrow.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Heteroclitic neuter plural:

Second declension of τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́; τῶν ῑ̓ῶν (Attic)

Case / #	Plural
Nominative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Genitive	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τᾰ̀ ῑ̓ᾰ́ tà īá
Vocative	ῑ̓ᾰ́ īá
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰαφέτης (iaphétēs)
ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
ἰοτυπής (iotupḗs)
ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hellenic *wihós, from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“fluidity, slime, poison”). Cognates include Sanskrit विष (víṣa), Latin vīrus, Tocharian A wäs, and Tocharian B wase.^[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

poison, venom
- καὶ μὴ τυχοῦσαι πράγματος νικηφόρου, χώρᾳ μεταῦθις ἰὸς ἐκ φρονημάτων πέδοι πεσὼν ἄφερτος αἰανὴς νόσος
  And if they fail to win their cause, the venom from their resentment will fall upon the ground, an intolerable, perpetual plague afterwards in the land.

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰοβόλος (iobólos)
ἰοβόρος (iobóros)
ἰοδόκος (iodókos)
ἰοειδής (ioeidḗs)
ἰόεις (ióeis)
ἰολόχευτος (iolókheutos)
ἰομιγής (iomigḗs)
ἰοτόκος (iotókos)
ἰοφόρος (iophóros)
ἰοχέαιρα (iokhéaira)
ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Descendants

Greek: ιός m (iós, “venom”)

Etymology 3

Uncertain. May be of the same origin as Etymology 2.^[3]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /iː.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Noun

ῑ̓ός • (īós) m (genitive ῑ̓οῦ); second declension

rust, verdigris
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 609a
  κακὸν ἑκάστῳ τι καὶ ἀγαθὸν λέγεις; οῖον ὀφθαλμοῖς ὀφθαλμίαν […] χαλκῷ δὲ καὶ σιδήρῳ ἰόν
  kakòn hekástōi ti kaì agathòn légeis? oîon ophthalmoîs ophthalmían […] khalkôi dè kaì sidḗrōi ión
  Do you say that there is for everything its special good and evil, as for the eyes ophthalmia […] and for bronze and iron rust?

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ῑ̓ός; τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ῑ̓ός ho īós	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	οἱ ῑ̓οί hoi īoí
Genitive	τοῦ ῑ̓οῦ toû īoû	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τῶν ῑ̓ῶν tôn īôn
Dative	τῷ ῑ̓ῷ tôi īôi	τοῖν ῑ̓οῖν toîn īoîn	τοῖς ῑ̓οῖς toîs īoîs
Accusative	τὸν ῑ̓όν tòn īón	τὼ ῑ̓ώ tṑ īṓ	τοὺς ῑ̓ούς toùs īoús
Vocative	ῑ̓έ īé	ῑ̓ώ īṓ	ῑ̓οί īoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἰάζω (iázō)
ἰίζω (iízō)
ἰόομαι (ióomai)
ἰοποίησις (iopoíēsis)
ἰώδης (iṓdēs)

Etymology 4

Expansion of original feminine-only pronoun ἴᾱ (íā), from *(h₁)éy.^[4]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /i.ós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /iˈos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈos/

Adjective

ἰός • (iós) m (feminine ῐ̓́ᾰ, neuter ῐ̓όν); first/second declension

selfsame

Inflection

First and second declension of ῐ̓ός; ῐ̓́ᾰ; ῐ̓όν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ῐ̓ός iós	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Genitive	ῐ̓οῦ ioû	ῐ̓ᾶς iâs	ῐ̓οῦ ioû	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn	ῐ̓ών iṓn	ῐ̓ῶν iôn
Dative	ῐ̓ῷ iôi	ῐ̓ᾷ iâi	ῐ̓ῷ iôi	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓αῖν iaîn	ῐ̓οῖν ioîn	ῐ̓οῖς ioîs	ῐ̓αῖς iaîs	ῐ̓οῖς ioîs
Accusative	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓́ᾰν ían	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ούς ioús	ῐ̓ᾱ́ς iā́s	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Vocative	ῐ̓έ ié	ῐ̓́ᾰ ía	ῐ̓όν ión	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓ᾱ́ iā́	ῐ̓ώ iṓ	ῐ̓οί ioí	ῐ̓αί iaí	ῐ̓ᾰ́ iá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ῐ̓ῶς iôs			ῐ̓ώτερος iṓteros			ῐ̓ώτᾰτος iṓtatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

References

ἰός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἰός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἰός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἰός in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἰός in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἰός in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἰός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἰός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
ἰός in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2447 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- arrow idem, page 42.
- bane idem, page 61.
- bolt idem, page 88.
- decay idem, page 199.
- poison idem, page 624.
- rot idem, page 721.
- rust idem, page 728.
- shaft idem, page 760.
- venom idem, page 947.

↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595
↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595
↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 4”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595
↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἴα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 571

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ῑ̓ός 4”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 595

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἴα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 571