See also: Appendix:Variations of "hr"
Egyptian
Etymology 1
Preposition
- in the presence of
- into the presence of, to
Usage notes
This preposition is used when the object is someone of higher status, such as a king or a god, relating one person to another when social customs prohibit specifying a direct relationship. Thus, one does not speak ‘to’ (n) a god, but ‘in the presence of’ (ḫr) him.
Etymology 2
Particle
proclitic
- (with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) then, and then, so; introduces a subordinate clause describing the inevitable result of an action in a preceding clause
- (with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) must, has to; introduces a subordinate clause describing a necessity
- (introducing a prepositional phrase) then; also functions as a converter to allow a prepositional phrase to begin a sentence
Usage notes
In Middle Egyptian this particle is commonly used with a following subject and imperfective to denote necessity but only rarely with a following subjunctive to denote inevitable result.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr
Etymology 3
Possibly derived from ḫrw (“voice”).
Particle
quotative
- (with following suffix pronoun, and optionally also noun, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said
Usage notes
Like the other quotatives kꜣ, jn, and ḫrw.fj, this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but never at its start).
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr
Etymology 4
Verb
2-lit.
- (intransitive) to fall
- (transitive) to fell
Inflection
Conjugation of ḫr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḫr, geminated stem: ḫrr
| infinitival forms |
imperative |
|---|
| infinitive |
negatival complement |
complementary infinitive1 |
singular |
plural |
ḫr
|
ḫrw, ḫr
|
ḫrt
|
ḫr, j.ḫr
|
ḫr, j.ḫr
|
| ‘pseudoverbal’ forms |
|---|
| stative stem |
periphrastic imperfective2 |
periphrastic prospective2 |
ḫr
|
ḥr ḫr
|
m ḫr
|
r ḫr
|
| suffix conjugation |
|---|
| aspect / mood |
active |
passive |
contingent |
| aspect / mood |
active |
passive |
| perfect |
ḫr.n
|
ḫrw, ḫr
|
consecutive |
ḫr.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| terminative |
ḫrt
|
| perfective3 |
ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative |
ḫr.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| imperfective |
ḫr, j.ḫr1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| prospective3 |
ḫr
|
ḫrr
|
potentialis |
ḫr.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| subjunctive |
ḫr, j.ḫr1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
| verbal adjectives |
|---|
| aspect / mood |
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms |
participles |
| active |
passive |
active |
passive |
| perfect |
ḫr.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
— |
— |
| perfective |
ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ḫr
|
ḫrr, ḫrrj6, ḫr2, ḫrw2 5, ḫry2 5
|
| imperfective |
j.ḫr1, ḫr, ḫry, ḫrw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
j.ḫr1, j.ḫrw1 5, ḫr, ḫrj6, ḫry6
|
ḫr, ḫrw5
|
| prospective |
ḫr, ḫrtj7
|
— |
ḫrtj4, ḫrt4
|
- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
|
References
- Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 88–89, 195, 273, 319–320
