bourgeois
English
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
Borrowed from French bourgeois (“a class of citizens who were wealthier members of the Third Estate”), from Anglo-Norman burgeis (“town dweller”), from Old French borjois, from borc (“town”), from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrgʰ- (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin *burgus, or possibly both. See also the related word burgess.
Pronunciation
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative more bourgeois, superlative most bourgeois)
- Of or relating to the middle class, (especially pejorative) their presumed overly conventional, conservative, and materialistic values.
- bourgeois opinion
- (historical) Of or relating to the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) Of or relating to the capitalist class, (usually pejorative) the capitalist exploitation of the proletariat.
Synonyms
- (conventional, conservative): square
Derived terms
Translations
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Noun
bourgeois (usually uncountable, plural bourgeois)
- (politics, collectively, usually in the plural) The middle class.
- (rare) An individual member of the middle class.
- (usually pejorative) A person of any class with bourgeois (i.e., overly conventional and materialistic) values and attitudes.
- (historical) An individual member of the bourgeoisie, the third estate of the French Ancien Regime.
- (Marxism) A capitalist, (usually pejorative) an exploiter of the proletariat.
Related terms
Translations
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Verb
bourgeois (third-person singular simple present bourgeoises, present participle bourgeoising, simple past and past participle bourgeoised)
- (transitive) To make bourgeois.
Further reading
- "bourgeois" in Raymond Williams, Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 45.
Etymology 2
From Middle English burjois, from French Bourgois, probably from Bourges (“the French city”) + -ois (“forming adjectives”) but possibly from bourgeois above or from Jean de Bouregois who worked as a printer in Rouen c. 1500.
Pronunciation
Noun
bourgeois (uncountable)
- (printing, dated) A size of type between brevier and long primer, standardized as 9-point.
Synonyms
- (Continental printing): galliard
Derived terms
Translations
Dutch
Etymology
Pronunciation
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Audio (file)
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, diminutive bourgeoistje n)
Related terms
French
Etymology
From Old French borgeis (“town dweller”), from borc (“fortified place, town”), from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“fortress”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrgʰ- (“fortified elevation”). The path from Proto-Germanic to Old French is unclear. Perhaps via Frankish *burg or Late Latin *burgus, or possibly both, and probably through the Late Latin intermediate burgensis. Compare Italian borghese, Portuguese burguês, Spanish burgués.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /buʁ.ʒwa/
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audio (file)
Adjective
bourgeois (feminine singular bourgeoise, masculine plural bourgeois, feminine plural bourgeoises)
Derived terms
Noun
bourgeois m (plural bourgeois, feminine bourgeoise)
- member of the middle class
- bourgeois
Synonyms
- bourge (slang)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “bourgeois” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
German
Etymology
Adjective
bourgeois (comparative bourgeoiser, superlative am bourgeoisesten)
Declension
| number & gender | singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | all genders | ||
| predicative | er ist bourgeois | sie ist bourgeois | es ist bourgeois | sie sind bourgeois | |
| strong declension (without article) |
nominative | bourgeoiser | bourgeoise | bourgeoises | bourgeoise |
| genitive | bourgeoisen | bourgeoiser | bourgeoisen | bourgeoiser | |
| dative | bourgeoisem | bourgeoiser | bourgeoisem | bourgeoisen | |
| accusative | bourgeoisen | bourgeoise | bourgeoises | bourgeoise | |
| weak declension (with definite article) |
nominative | der bourgeoise | die bourgeoise | das bourgeoise | die bourgeoisen |
| genitive | des bourgeoisen | der bourgeoisen | des bourgeoisen | der bourgeoisen | |
| dative | dem bourgeoisen | der bourgeoisen | dem bourgeoisen | den bourgeoisen | |
| accusative | den bourgeoisen | die bourgeoise | das bourgeoise | die bourgeoisen | |
| mixed declension (with indefinite article) |
nominative | ein bourgeoiser | eine bourgeoise | ein bourgeoises | (keine) bourgeoisen |
| genitive | eines bourgeoisen | einer bourgeoisen | eines bourgeoisen | (keiner) bourgeoisen | |
| dative | einem bourgeoisen | einer bourgeoisen | einem bourgeoisen | (keinen) bourgeoisen | |
| accusative | einen bourgeoisen | eine bourgeoise | ein bourgeoises | (keine) bourgeoisen | |
Further reading
- bourgeois in Duden online