boulanger
French
Etymology
From Middle French boulanger, from Old French boulanger, bolengier (“baker”), from Old Picard boulenc (“bun-maker, bread-maker”), of Germanic origin, from Low Frankish *bolla (“bun”), from Proto-Germanic *bullǭ, *bullô (“ball, bowl, round object”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (“to inflate, swell”) + -enc (“-ing”), from Frankish *-ing (“-ing”), from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (“-ing”). Cognate with Old High German bolla (“fine wheat flour”), Middle Dutch bolle (“bun, round bread”), Middle High German bolle (“bud, spherical vessel”), Danish bolle (“bun, bread”), Old English bolle, bolla (“bowl, cup, pot, measure”). More at bowl, -ing.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/
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audio (file)
Noun
boulanger m (plural boulangers, feminine boulangère)
Derived terms
Verb
boulanger
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb, but the stem is written boulange- before endings that begin with -a- or -o- (to indicate that the -g- is a “soft” /ʒ/ and not a “hard” /ɡ/). This spelling-change occurs in all verbs in -ger, such as neiger and manger.
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | boulanger | avoir boulangé | |||||
| gerund | en boulangeant | en ayant boulangé | |||||
| present participle | boulangeant /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɑ̃/ | ||||||
| past participle | boulangé /bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/ | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il | nous | vous | ils | |
| simple tenses |
present | boulange /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulanges /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulange /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulangeons /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɔ̃/ |
boulangez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/ |
boulangent /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
| imperfect | boulangeais /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛ/ |
boulangeais /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛ/ |
boulangeait /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛ/ |
boulangions /bu.lɑ̃.ʒjɔ̃/ |
boulangiez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒje/ |
boulangeaient /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛ/ | |
| past historic1 | boulangeai /bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/ |
boulangeas /bu.lɑ̃.ʒa/ |
boulangea /bu.lɑ̃.ʒa/ |
boulangeâmes /bu.lɑ̃.ʒam/ |
boulangeâtes /bu.lɑ̃.ʒat/ |
boulangèrent /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɛʁ/ | |
| future | boulangerai /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁe/ |
boulangeras /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁa/ |
boulangera /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁa/ |
boulangerons /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɔ̃/ |
boulangerez /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁe/ |
boulangeront /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | boulangerais /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɛ/ |
boulangerais /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɛ/ |
boulangerait /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɛ/ |
boulangerions /bu.lɑ̃.ʒə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
boulangeriez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒə.ʁje/ |
boulangeraient /bu.lɑ̃ʒ.ʁɛ/ | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior1 | Use the past historic tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il | que nous | que vous | qu’ils | |
| simple tenses |
present | boulange /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulanges /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulange /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
boulangions /bu.lɑ̃.ʒjɔ̃/ |
boulangiez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒje/ |
boulangent /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
| imperfect1 | boulangeasse /bu.lɑ̃.ʒas/ |
boulangeasses /bu.lɑ̃.ʒas/ |
boulangeât /bu.lɑ̃.ʒa/ |
boulangeassions /bu.lɑ̃.ʒa.sjɔ̃/ |
boulangeassiez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒa.sje/ |
boulangeassent /bu.lɑ̃.ʒas/ | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect1 | Use the imperfect subjunctive tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nous | vous | – | |
| — | boulange /bu.lɑ̃ʒ/ |
— | boulangeons /bu.lɑ̃.ʒɔ̃/ |
boulangez /bu.lɑ̃.ʒe/ |
— | ||
| 1literary tenses | |||||||
Further reading
- “boulanger” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).