妖怪

Chinese

		goblin; witch; devil goblin; witch; devil; bewitching; enchanting; monster; phantom	queer; to blame
simp. and trad. (妖怪)		妖	怪

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yāoguài

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄠㄍㄨㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu¹ gwaai³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yêu-koai
Min Nan (POJ): iau-koài

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yāoguài → yāoguai (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄠㄍㄨㄞˋ → ㄧㄠ ˙ㄍㄨㄞ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau.guay
  - IPA ^(key): /i̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/ → /i̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ g̊u̯aɪ̯²/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jiu¹ gwaai³
  - Yale: yīu gwaai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jiu¹ gwaai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: yiu¹ guai³
  - IPA ^(key): /jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷɑːi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-koai
  - Hakka Romanization System: ieu´ guai
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yeu¹ guai⁴
  - IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-koai
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu´ guai
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yeu¹ guai⁴
  - IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau-koài
  - Tâi-lô: iau-kuài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iau'koaix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iaʊ⁴⁴⁻²² kuai²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iaʊ³³ kuai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iaʊ⁴⁴⁻²² kuai²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iaʊ⁴⁴⁻³³ kuai¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iaʊ⁴⁴⁻³³ kuai²¹/

Noun

妖怪

(usually in Chinese mythology) any supernatural being, monster, devil, goblin

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (妖怪):

Japanese: 妖怪 (ようかい) (yōkai)
Korean: 요괴 (妖怪, yogoe)
Vietnamese: yêu quái (妖怪)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
妖	怪
よう Grade: S	かい Grade: S
on’yomi

Etymology

/jeu kwai/ → /eukwai/ → /joːkai/

From Middle Chinese compound 妖怪 (ʔjew kwɛj^H, literally “strange, supernatural + extraordinary”).

Compare modern Mandarin 妖怪 (yāoguài).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) よーかい [yòókáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
- IPA^(key): [jo̞ːka̠i]

Adjective

妖怪 (-na inflection, hiragana ようかい, rōmaji yōkai, historical hiragana えうくわい)

(dated) creepy, spooky, ghastly, perilous
妖怪 (ようかい)な雰 (ふん)囲 (い)気 (き)
yōkai na fun'iki
a creepy atmosphere / a spooky mood

Inflection

Inflection of 妖怪

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	妖怪だろ	ようかいだろ	yōkai daro
Continuative (連用形)	妖怪で	ようかいで	yōkai de
Terminal (終止形)	妖怪だ	ようかいだ	yōkai da
Attributive (連体形)	妖怪な	ようかいな	yōkai na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	妖怪なら	ようかいなら	yōkai nara
Imperative (命令形)	妖怪であれ	ようかいであれ	yōkai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	妖怪ではない妖怪じゃない	ようかいではないようかいじゃない	yōkai de wa nai yōkai ja nai
Informal past	妖怪だった	ようかいだった	yōkai datta
Informal negative past	妖怪ではなかった妖怪じゃなかった	ようかいではなかったようかいじゃなかった	yōkai de wa nakatta yōkai ja nakatta
Formal	妖怪です	ようかいです	yōkai desu
Formal negative	妖怪ではありません妖怪じゃありません	ようかいではありませんようかいじゃありません	yōkai de wa arimasen yōkai ja arimasen
Formal past	妖怪でした	ようかいでした	yōkai deshita
Formal negative past	妖怪ではありませんでした妖怪じゃありませんでした	ようかいではありませんでしたようかいじゃありませんでした	yōkai de wa arimasen deshita yōkai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	妖怪で	ようかいで	yōkai de
Conditional	妖怪なら（ば）	ようかいなら（ば）	yōkai nara (ba)
Provisional	妖怪だったら	ようかいだったら	yōkai dattara
Volitional	妖怪だろう	ようかいだろう	yōkai darō
Adverbial	妖怪に	ようかいに	yōkai ni
Degree	妖怪さ	ようかいさ	yōkaisa

Noun

妖怪 (hiragana ようかい, rōmaji yōkai, historical hiragana えうくわい)

yokai: supernatural being, monster, apparition, goblin

Usage notes

The Japanese concept of the yōkai does not map directly to any specific English term.

Synonyms

(supernatural being): 妖 (よう)魔 (ま) (yōma)
(monster): 怪物 (かいぶつ) (kaibutsu), 魔物 (まもの) (mamono)

Derived terms

妖怪変化 (ようかいへんげ) (yōkai henge, “monstrous apparition”)

References

↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
妖	怪

Noun

妖怪 • (yogoe) (hangeul 요괴)

Hanja form^? of 요괴 (“monster, goblin”).

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[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN