Synonyms

• Homotypic
  • Chenopodium oleraceum (L.) E.H.L.Krause, (Deutschl. Fl. (ed. 2), 5: 186. (1901), nom. illeg. (later homonym of Chenopodium oleraceum Schur 1866)

• Heterotypic
  • Spinacia glabra Mill., Gard. Dict, ed. 8: n 2. (1768)
  • Spinacia oleracea subsp. glabra (Mill.) Cout., Fl. Portugal: 188. (1913)
  • Spinacia inermis Moench, Methodus: 318. (1794), nom. illeg.
  • Spinacia spinosa Moench, Methodus: 318. (1794), nom. illeg.
  • Spinacia domestica Borkh., Rhein. Mag. 1: 481. (1793)
  • Spinacia sessiliflora Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 537. (1812), nom. illeg. superfl. (cites Spinacia oleracea L. as synonym)
  • Spinacia tetrandra Roxb., Hort. Beng. 72. (1814); Fl. Ind. 3: 771. (1824), nom. illeg. (later homonym of Spinacia tetrandra Steven ex M.Bieb., 1808)

Primary references

• Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum, Tomus II: 1027.

• Krause, E.H.L. 1901. J. Sturms Flora von Deutschland: in Abbildungen nach der Natur. 2. Auflage, 5. Band. Mittelsamige und Haufenfrüchtige, Centrospermae und Polycarpicae. 320 pp., 64 pl. Stuttgart, K.G. Lutz. BHL Reference page. : 186

• Miller, P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, flower garden, and nursery. Ed. 8, 3 volumes (without pagination), John & Francis Rivington, London. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.541 Reference page.  2: Spinacia

• Coutinho, A.X.P. 1913. Flora de Portugal (plantas vasculares) disposta em chaves dichotomicas. A (1st ed.). Paris, Aillaud, Alves. BHL Reference page. : 188

• Moench, C. 1794. Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis. 780 pp., Marburgi Cattorum: Nova Libraria Academiae. BHL Reference page.  318

• Borkhausen, M.B. 1793. Rheinisches Magazin zur Erweiterung der Naturkunde. 1. Band. Gießen, Heyer. (online) Reference page. : 481.

• Stokes, J. 1812. A botanical materia medica, consisting of the generic and specific characters of the plants used in medicine and diet, with synonyms, and references to medical authors. Vol. IV. 702 pp. J. Johnson and Co., London. BHL Biblioteca Digital Reference page. : 537

• Roxburgh, W. 1814. Hortus Bengalensis, or a Catalogue of the Plants Growing in the Hounourable East India Company's Botanical Garden at Calcutta. Serampore. BHL Reference page. : 72

Additional references

• Uotila, P. 2011. Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). Spinacia oleracea – In: Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
• Freitag, H., Hedge, I.C, Jafri, S.M.H, Kothe-Heinrich, G., Omer, S. & Uotila, P. 2001. Chenopodiaceae. In. Flora of Pakistan 204. eFloras 2008. Reference page. : Spinacia oleracea

• Aellen, P. 1938. Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Spinacia L. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft = Bulletin de la Société Botanique Suisse 48: 485–490. (online) Reference page. 

Links

• Hassler, M. 2018. Spinacia oleracea. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (2019). In: Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi, J., Penev L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 July 19.
• International Plant Names Index. 2016. Spinacia oleracea. Published online. Accessed Feb. 25 2016.
• The Plant List 2013. Spinacia oleracea in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Feb. 25.
• Tropicos.org 2016. Spinacia oleracea. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 25 Feb. 2016.