vuna

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *vьlna, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʋûna/
Hyphenation: vu‧na

Noun

vȕna f (Cyrillic spelling ву̏на)

wool

Declension

Declension of vuna

	singular	plural
nominative	vuna	vune
genitive	vune	vuna
dative	vuni	vunama
accusative	vunu	vune
vocative	vuno	vune
locative	vuni	vunama
instrumental	vunom	vunama

References

“vuna” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Swahili

Verb

-vuna (infinitive kuvuna)

to harvest, reap
to profit

Usage notes

The reflexive with -ji- is not used, as it is identical in form with the unrelated verb -jivuna.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -vuna

Non-finite forms

Form

Positive

Negative

Infinitive

kuvuna

kutovuna

Simple finite forms

Positive form

Singular

Plural

Imperative

vuna

vuneni

Habitual

huvuna

Complex finite forms

Polarity

Persons

Persons / Classes

Classes

1st

2nd

3rd / M-wa

M-mi

Ma

Ki-vi

N

U

Ku

Pa

Mu

Sg.

Pl.

Sg.

Pl.

Sg. / 1

Pl. / 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 / 14

15 / 17

16

18

Past
Positive	nilivuna nalivuna	tulivuna twalivuna	ulivuna walivuna	mlivuna mwalivuna	alivuna	walivuna	ulivuna	ilivuna	lilivuna	yalivuna	kilivuna	vilivuna	ilivuna	zilivuna	ulivuna	kulivuna	palivuna	mulivuna
Relative	niliovuna naliovuna	tuliovuna twaliovuna	uliovuna waliovuna	mliovuna mwaliovuna	aliovuna	waliovuna	uliovuna	iliovuna	liliovuna	yaliovuna	kiliovuna	viliovuna	iliovuna	ziliovuna	uliovuna	kuliovuna	paliovuna	muliovuna
Negative	sikuvuna	hatukuvuna	hukuvuna	hamkuvuna	hakuvuna	hawakuvuna	haukuvuna	haikuvuna	halikuvuna	hayakuvuna	hakikuvuna	havikuvuna	haikuvuna	hazikuvuna	haukuvuna	hakukuvuna	hapakuvuna	hamukuvuna

Present
Positive	ninavuna navuna	tunavuna	unavuna	mnavuna	anavuna	wanavuna	unavuna	inavuna	linavuna	yanavuna	kinavuna	vinavuna	inavuna	zinavuna	unavuna	kunavuna	panavuna	munavuna
Relative	ninaovuna naovuna	tunaovuna	unaovuna	mnaovuna	anaovuna	wanaovuna	unaovuna	inaovuna	linaovuna	yanaovuna	kinaovuna	vinaovuna	inaovuna	zinaovuna	unaovuna	kunaovuna	panaovuna	munaovuna
Negative	sivuni	hatuvuni	huvuni	hamvuni	havuni	hawavuni	hauvuni	haivuni	halivuni	hayavuni	hakivuni	havivuni	haivuni	hazivuni	hauvuni	hakuvuni	hapavuni	hamuvuni

Future
Positive	nitavuna	tutavuna	utavuna	mtavuna	atavuna	watavuna	utavuna	itavuna	litavuna	yatavuna	kitavuna	vitavuna	itavuna	zitavuna	utavuna	kutavuna	patavuna	mutavuna
Relative	nitakaovuna	tutakaovuna	utakaovuna	mtakaovuna	atakaovuna	watakaovuna	utakaovuna	itakaovuna	litakaovuna	yatakaovuna	kitakaovuna	vitakaovuna	itakaovuna	zitakaovuna	utakaovuna	kutakaovuna	patakaovuna	mutakaovuna
Negative	sitavuna	hatutavuna	hutavuna	hamtavuna	hatavuna	hawatavuna	hautavuna	haitavuna	halitavuna	hayatavuna	hakitavuna	havitavuna	haitavuna	hazitavuna	hautavuna	hakutavuna	hapatavuna	hamutavuna

Subjunctive
Positive	nivune	tuvune	uvune	mvune	avune	wavune	uvune	ivune	livune	yavune	kivune	vivune	ivune	zivune	uvune	kuvune	pavune	muvune
Negative	nisivune	tusivune	usivune	msivune	asivune	wasivune	usivune	isivune	lisivune	yasivune	kisivune	visivune	isivune	zisivune	usivune	kusivune	pasivune	musivune

Present Conditional
Positive	ningevuna	tungevuna	ungevuna	mngevuna	angevuna	wangevuna	ungevuna	ingevuna	lingevuna	yangevuna	kingevuna	vingevuna	ingevuna	zingevuna	ungevuna	kungevuna	pangevuna	mungevuna
Negative	nisingevuna singevuna	tusingevuna hatungevuna	usingevuna hungevuna	msingevuna hamngevuna	asingevuna hangevuna	wasingevuna hawangevuna	usingevuna haungevuna	isingevuna haingevuna	lisingevuna halingevuna	yasingevuna hayangevuna	kisingevuna hakingevuna	visingevuna havingevuna	isingevuna haingevuna	zisingevuna hazingevuna	usingevuna haungevuna	kusingevuna hakungevuna	pasingevuna hapangevuna	musingevuna hamungevuna

Past Conditional
Positive	ningalivuna	tungalivuna	ungalivuna	mngalivuna	angalivuna	wangalivuna	ungalivuna	ingalivuna	lingalivuna	yangalivuna	kingalivuna	vingalivuna	ingalivuna	zingalivuna	ungalivuna	kungalivuna	pangalivuna	mungalivuna
Negative	nisingalivuna singalivuna	tusingalivuna hatungalivuna	usingalivuna hungalivuna	msingalivuna hamngalivuna	asingalivuna hangalivuna	wasingalivuna hawangalivuna	usingalivuna haungalivuna	isingalivuna haingalivuna	lisingalivuna halingalivuna	yasingalivuna hayangalivuna	kisingalivuna hakingalivuna	visingalivuna havingalivuna	isingalivuna haingalivuna	zisingalivuna hazingalivuna	usingalivuna haungalivuna	kusingalivuna hakungalivuna	pasingalivuna hapangalivuna	musingalivuna hamungalivuna

Conditional Contrary to Fact
Positive	ningelivuna	tungelivuna	ungelivuna	mngelivuna	angelivuna	wangelivuna	ungelivuna	ingelivuna	lingelivuna	yangelivuna	kingelivuna	vingelivuna	ingelivuna	zingelivuna	ungelivuna	kungelivuna	pangelivuna	mungelivuna

General Relative
Positive	nivunao	tuvunao	uvunao	mvunao	avunao	wavunao	uvunao	ivunao	livunao	yavunao	kivunao	vivunao	ivunao	zivunao	uvunao	kuvunao	pavunao	muvunao
Negative	nisiovuna	tusiovuna	usiovuna	msiovuna	asiovuna	wasiovuna	usiovuna	isiovuna	lisiovuna	yasiovuna	kisiovuna	visiovuna	isiovuna	zisiovuna	usiovuna	kusiovuna	pasiovuna	musiovuna

Gnomic
Positive	navuna	twavuna	wavuna	mwavuna	avuna	wavuna	wavuna	yavuna	lavuna	yavuna	chavuna	vyavuna	yavuna	zavuna	wavuna	kwavuna	pavuna	mwavuna

Perfect
Positive	nimevuna	tumevuna	umevuna	mmevuna	amevuna	wamevuna	umevuna	imevuna	limevuna	yamevuna	kimevuna	vimevuna	imevuna	zimevuna	umevuna	kumevuna	pamevuna	mumevuna

"Already"
Positive	nimeshavuna	tumeshavuna	umeshavuna	mmeshavuna	ameshavuna	wameshavuna	umeshavuna	imeshavuna	limeshavuna	yameshavuna	kimeshavuna	vimeshavuna	imeshavuna	zimeshavuna	umeshavuna	kumeshavuna	pameshavuna	mumeshavuna

"Not yet"
Negative	sijavuna	hatujavuna	hujavuna	hamjavuna	hajavuna	hawajavuna	haujavuna	haijavuna	halijavuna	hayajavuna	hakijavuna	havijavuna	haijavuna	hazijavuna	haujavuna	hakujavuna	hapajavuna	hamujavuna

"If/When"
Positive	nikivuna	tukivuna	ukivuna	mkivuna	akivuna	wakivuna	ukivuna	ikivuna	likivuna	yakivuna	kikivuna	vikivuna	ikivuna	zikivuna	ukivuna	kukivuna	pakivuna	mukivuna

"If not"
Negative	nisipovuna	tusipovuna	usipovuna	msipovuna	asipovuna	wasipovuna	usipovuna	isipovuna	lisipovuna	yasipovuna	kisipovuna	visipovuna	isipovuna	zisipovuna	usipovuna	kusipovuna	pasipovuna	musipovuna

Consecutive
Positive	nikavuna	tukavuna	ukavuna	mkavuna	akavuna	wakavuna	ukavuna	ikavuna	likavuna	yakavuna	kikavuna	vikavuna	ikavuna	zikavuna	ukavuna	kukavuna	pakavuna	mukavuna

Not all possible forms are listed in the table. Transitive verbs can take object concords, relative concords can agree with all noun classes, and many other forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -vunia
- Causative: -vunisha
- Passive: -vunwa
- Stative: -vunika

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Nguni [Term?], from Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vuna^?

(transitive) to harvest

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukuvuna
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuvuna	ukungavuni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	vuna	vune
Plural	vunani	vuneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyavuna, ngivuna	engivunayo, engivuna	ngivuna	angivuni	engingavuni	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
1st plural	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
2nd plural	niyavuna, nivuna	enivunayo, enivuna	nivuna	anivuni	eningavuni	ningavuni
Class 1	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	evuna	akavuni	ongavuni	engavuni
Class 2	bayavuna, bavuna	abavunayo, abavuna	bevuna	abavuni	abangavuni	bengavuni
Class 3	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
Class 4	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 5	liyavuna, livuna	elivunayo, elivuna	livuna	alivuni	elingavuni	lingavuni
Class 6	ayavuna, avuna	avunayo, avuna	evuna	awavuni	angavuni	engavuni
Class 7	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
Class 8	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 9	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 10	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 11	luyavuna, luvuna	oluvunayo, oluvuna	luvuna	aluvuni	olungavuni	lungavuni
Class 14	buyavuna, buvuna	obuvunayo, obuvuna	buvuna	abuvuni	obungavuni	bungavuni
Class 15	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
Class 17	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngivunile, ngivunē	engivunile, engivunē	ngivunile, ngivunē	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nivunile, nivunē	enivunile, enivunē	nivunile, nivunē	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	evunile, evunē	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bavunile, bavunē	abavunile, abavunē	bevunile, bevunē	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	livunile, livunē	elivunile, elivunē	livunile, livunē	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	avunile, avunē	avunile, avunē	evunile, evunē	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	luvunile, luvunē	oluvunile, oluvunē	luvunile, luvunē	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	buvunile, buvunē	obuvunile, obuvunē	buvunile, buvunē	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāvuna	engāvuna	ngāvuna	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nāvuna	enāvuna	nāvuna	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	wāvuna	owāvuna	āvuna	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bāvuna	abāvuna	bāvuna	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	lāvuna	elāvuna	lāvuna	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	āvuna	āvuna	āvuna	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	lwāvuna	olwāvuna	lwāvuna	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	bāvuna	obāvuna	bāvuna	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingavuna	—	ngingavuna	ngingevune	—	ngingevune
2nd singular	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
1st plural	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
2nd plural	ningavuna	—	ningavuna	ningevune	—	ningevune
Class 1	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 2	bangavuna	—	bengavuna	bangevune	—	bengevune
Class 3	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
Class 4	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 5	lingavuna	—	lingavuna	lingevune	—	lingevune
Class 6	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 7	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
Class 8	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 9	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 10	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 11	lungavuna	—	lungavuna	lungevune	—	lungevune
Class 14	bungavuna	—	bungavuna	bungevune	—	bungevune
Class 15	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
Class 17	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizovuna	engizovuna	ngizovuna	angizuvuna	—	ngingezuvuna
2nd singular	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	—	ungezuvuna
1st plural	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	—	singezuvuna
2nd plural	nizovuna	enizovuna	nizovuna	anizuvuna	—	ningezuvuna
Class 1	uzovuna	ozovuna	ezovuna	akazuvuna	—	engezuvuna
Class 2	bazovuna	abazovuna	bezovuna	abazuvuna	—	bengezuvuna
Class 3	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	—	ungezuvuna
Class 4	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	—	ingezuvuna
Class 5	lizovuna	elizovuna	lizovuna	alizuvuna	—	lingezuvuna
Class 6	azovuna	azovuna	ezovuna	awazuvuna	—	engezuvuna
Class 7	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	—	singezuvuna
Class 8	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	—	zingezuvuna
Class 9	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	—	ingezuvuna
Class 10	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	—	zingezuvuna
Class 11	luzovuna	oluzovuna	luzovuna	aluzuvuna	—	lungezuvuna
Class 14	buzovuna	obuzovuna	buzovuna	abuzuvuna	—	bungezuvuna
Class 15	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	—	kungezuvuna
Class 17	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	—	kungezuvuna
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyovuna	engiyovuna	ngiyovuna	angiyuvuna	—	ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	—	ungeyuvuna
1st plural	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	—	singeyuvuna
2nd plural	niyovuna	eniyovuna	niyovuna	aniyuvuna	—	ningeyuvuna
Class 1	uyovuna	oyovuna	eyovuna	akayuvuna	—	engeyuvuna
Class 2	bayovuna	abayovuna	beyovuna	abayuvuna	—	bengeyuvuna
Class 3	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	—	ungeyuvuna
Class 4	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	—	ingeyuvuna
Class 5	liyovuna	eliyovuna	liyovuna	aliyuvuna	—	lingeyuvuna
Class 6	ayovuna	ayovuna	eyovuna	awayuvuna	—	engeyuvuna
Class 7	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	—	singeyuvuna
Class 8	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	—	zingeyuvuna
Class 9	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	—	ingeyuvuna
Class 10	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	—	zingeyuvuna
Class 11	luyovuna	oluyovuna	luyovuna	aluyuvuna	—	lungeyuvuna
Class 14	buyovuna	obuyovuna	buyovuna	abuyuvuna	—	bungeyuvuna
Class 15	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	—	kungeyuvuna
Class 17	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	—	kungeyuvuna
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngivune	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uvune	ungavuni
1st plural	sivune	singavuni
2nd plural	nivune	ningavuni
Class 1	avune	angavuni
Class 2	bavune	bangavuni
Class 3	uvune	ungavuni
Class 4	ivune	ingavuni
Class 5	livune	lingavuni
Class 6	avune	angavuni
Class 7	sivune	singavuni
Class 8	zivune	zingavuni
Class 9	ivune	ingavuni
Class 10	zivune	zingavuni
Class 11	luvune	lungavuni
Class 14	buvune	bungavuni
Class 15	kuvune	kungavuni
Class 17	kuvune	kungavuni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngavuna	angivuna
2nd singular	wavuna	awuvuna
1st plural	savuna	asivuna
2nd plural	navuna	anivuna
Class 1	wavuna	akavuna
Class 2	bavuna	abavuna
Class 3	wavuna	awuvuna
Class 4	yavuna	ayivuna
Class 5	lavuna	alivuna
Class 6	avuna	awavuna
Class 7	savuna	asivuna
Class 8	zavuna	azivuna
Class 9	yavuna	ayivuna
Class 10	zavuna	azivuna
Class 11	lwavuna	aluvuna
Class 14	bavuna	abuvuna
Class 15	kwavuna	akuvuna
Class 17	kwavuna	akuvuna

Verb

-vuna^?

(transitive) to side with (in a dispute), to be partial towards

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukuvuna
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuvuna	ukungavuni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	vuna	vune
Plural	vunani	vuneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyavuna, ngivuna	engivunayo, engivuna	ngivuna	angivuni	engingavuni	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
1st plural	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
2nd plural	niyavuna, nivuna	enivunayo, enivuna	nivuna	anivuni	eningavuni	ningavuni
Class 1	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	evuna	akavuni	ongavuni	engavuni
Class 2	bayavuna, bavuna	abavunayo, abavuna	bevuna	abavuni	abangavuni	bengavuni
Class 3	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
Class 4	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 5	liyavuna, livuna	elivunayo, elivuna	livuna	alivuni	elingavuni	lingavuni
Class 6	ayavuna, avuna	avunayo, avuna	evuna	awavuni	angavuni	engavuni
Class 7	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
Class 8	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 9	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 10	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 11	luyavuna, luvuna	oluvunayo, oluvuna	luvuna	aluvuni	olungavuni	lungavuni
Class 14	buyavuna, buvuna	obuvunayo, obuvuna	buvuna	abuvuni	obungavuni	bungavuni
Class 15	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
Class 17	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngivunile, ngivunē	engivunile, engivunē	ngivunile, ngivunē	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nivunile, nivunē	enivunile, enivunē	nivunile, nivunē	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	evunile, evunē	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bavunile, bavunē	abavunile, abavunē	bevunile, bevunē	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	livunile, livunē	elivunile, elivunē	livunile, livunē	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	avunile, avunē	avunile, avunē	evunile, evunē	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	luvunile, luvunē	oluvunile, oluvunē	luvunile, luvunē	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	buvunile, buvunē	obuvunile, obuvunē	buvunile, buvunē	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāvuna	engāvuna	ngāvuna	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nāvuna	enāvuna	nāvuna	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	wāvuna	owāvuna	āvuna	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bāvuna	abāvuna	bāvuna	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	lāvuna	elāvuna	lāvuna	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	āvuna	āvuna	āvuna	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	lwāvuna	olwāvuna	lwāvuna	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	bāvuna	obāvuna	bāvuna	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingavuna	—	ngingavuna	ngingevune	—	ngingevune
2nd singular	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
1st plural	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
2nd plural	ningavuna	—	ningavuna	ningevune	—	ningevune
Class 1	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 2	bangavuna	—	bengavuna	bangevune	—	bengevune
Class 3	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
Class 4	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 5	lingavuna	—	lingavuna	lingevune	—	lingevune
Class 6	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 7	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
Class 8	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 9	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 10	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 11	lungavuna	—	lungavuna	lungevune	—	lungevune
Class 14	bungavuna	—	bungavuna	bungevune	—	bungevune
Class 15	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
Class 17	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizovuna	engizovuna	ngizovuna	angizuvuna	—	ngingezuvuna
2nd singular	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	—	ungezuvuna
1st plural	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	—	singezuvuna
2nd plural	nizovuna	enizovuna	nizovuna	anizuvuna	—	ningezuvuna
Class 1	uzovuna	ozovuna	ezovuna	akazuvuna	—	engezuvuna
Class 2	bazovuna	abazovuna	bezovuna	abazuvuna	—	bengezuvuna
Class 3	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	—	ungezuvuna
Class 4	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	—	ingezuvuna
Class 5	lizovuna	elizovuna	lizovuna	alizuvuna	—	lingezuvuna
Class 6	azovuna	azovuna	ezovuna	awazuvuna	—	engezuvuna
Class 7	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	—	singezuvuna
Class 8	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	—	zingezuvuna
Class 9	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	—	ingezuvuna
Class 10	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	—	zingezuvuna
Class 11	luzovuna	oluzovuna	luzovuna	aluzuvuna	—	lungezuvuna
Class 14	buzovuna	obuzovuna	buzovuna	abuzuvuna	—	bungezuvuna
Class 15	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	—	kungezuvuna
Class 17	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	—	kungezuvuna
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyovuna	engiyovuna	ngiyovuna	angiyuvuna	—	ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	—	ungeyuvuna
1st plural	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	—	singeyuvuna
2nd plural	niyovuna	eniyovuna	niyovuna	aniyuvuna	—	ningeyuvuna
Class 1	uyovuna	oyovuna	eyovuna	akayuvuna	—	engeyuvuna
Class 2	bayovuna	abayovuna	beyovuna	abayuvuna	—	bengeyuvuna
Class 3	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	—	ungeyuvuna
Class 4	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	—	ingeyuvuna
Class 5	liyovuna	eliyovuna	liyovuna	aliyuvuna	—	lingeyuvuna
Class 6	ayovuna	ayovuna	eyovuna	awayuvuna	—	engeyuvuna
Class 7	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	—	singeyuvuna
Class 8	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	—	zingeyuvuna
Class 9	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	—	ingeyuvuna
Class 10	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	—	zingeyuvuna
Class 11	luyovuna	oluyovuna	luyovuna	aluyuvuna	—	lungeyuvuna
Class 14	buyovuna	obuyovuna	buyovuna	abuyuvuna	—	bungeyuvuna
Class 15	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	—	kungeyuvuna
Class 17	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	—	kungeyuvuna
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngivune	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uvune	ungavuni
1st plural	sivune	singavuni
2nd plural	nivune	ningavuni
Class 1	avune	angavuni
Class 2	bavune	bangavuni
Class 3	uvune	ungavuni
Class 4	ivune	ingavuni
Class 5	livune	lingavuni
Class 6	avune	angavuni
Class 7	sivune	singavuni
Class 8	zivune	zingavuni
Class 9	ivune	ingavuni
Class 10	zivune	zingavuni
Class 11	luvune	lungavuni
Class 14	buvune	bungavuni
Class 15	kuvune	kungavuni
Class 17	kuvune	kungavuni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngavuna	angivuna
2nd singular	wavuna	awuvuna
1st plural	savuna	asivuna
2nd plural	navuna	anivuna
Class 1	wavuna	akavuna
Class 2	bavuna	abavuna
Class 3	wavuna	awuvuna
Class 4	yavuna	ayivuna
Class 5	lavuna	alivuna
Class 6	avuna	awavuna
Class 7	savuna	asivuna
Class 8	zavuna	azivuna
Class 9	yavuna	ayivuna
Class 10	zavuna	azivuna
Class 11	lwavuna	aluvuna
Class 14	bavuna	abuvuna
Class 15	kwavuna	akuvuna
Class 17	kwavuna	akuvuna

References

C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “vuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “vuna (6-3.9)”
C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “vuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “vuna (6-3.9)”

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