tm

See also: TM, Tm, .tm, t/m, and ™

Egyptian

Pronunciation

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /tɛm/
- Conventional anglicization: tem

Verb

2-lit.

(intransitive) to be complete
(transitive) to complete, to finish
(catenative, with a verb in the negatival complement) to not do, to not be

Inflection

Conjugation of tm (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: tm, geminated stem: tmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
tm	tmw, tm	tmt	tm, j.tm	tm, j.tm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
tm	ḥr tm	m tm	r tm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	tm.n	tmw, tm	consecutive	tm.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	tm.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	tmt
perfective³	tm	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative	tm.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	tm, j.tm¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative	tm.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	tm	tmm	potentialis	tm.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	tm	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	tm, j.tm¹	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	tm.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	tm	active + .tj¹, .tw²	tm	tmm, tmmj⁶, tm², tmw^{2 5}, tmy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.tm¹, tm, tmy, tmw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.tm¹, j.tmw^{1 5}, tm, tmj⁶, tmy⁶	tm, tmw⁵
prospective	tm, tmtj⁷	—	tmtj⁴, tmt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tm

tm

in the sense ‘not be, not do’

Derived terms

tꜣ-tmw

Noun

m

everything, totality, completion

Inflection

Declension of tm (masculine)

singular	tm
dual	tmwj
plural	tmw

Derived terms

Terms derived from tm

nb-tm

Proper noun

m

the god Atum

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tm

Aa56

tm

jtm

tmw

jtm

[Middle Kingdom]

[New Kingdom]

[Late Period]

Based on the forms jtm and tmw, some authors interpret the god’s name as jtmw, a noun of action derived from the verb tm (“to finish, complete”), thus literally meaning ‘the finisher’; however, the most common writings of the name only explicitly show the consonants tm.

Derived terms

pr-tm

References

Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926-1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 147, 174, 220

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