cáin
Irish
Etymology
From Old Irish cáin (“law, rule, fine, tax, tribute”). The verb is from Old Irish cáinid (“revile, rail at, reproach”), from the noun.
Pronunciation
Noun
cáin f (genitive singular cánach or cána, nominative plural cánacha)
- (literary)
- law, rule, regulation, set of laws or rules or regulations
- due, tribute
- fine, penalty
- Synonym: fíneáil
- impost, tax, taxation
Declension
Standard inflection (fifth declension):
Declension of cáin
Fifth declension
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Bare forms
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Forms with the definite article
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Alternative inflection (third declension):
Declension of cáin
Third declension
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Bare forms:
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Forms with the definite article:
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Derived terms
Terms derived from cáin
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Verb
cáin (present analytic cáineann, future analytic cáinfidh, verbal noun cáineadh, past participle cáinte) (transitive, intransitive)
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
| singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
| indicative | present | cáinim | cáineann tú; cáinir† |
cáineann sé, sí | cáinimid | cáineann sibh | cáineann siad; cáinid† |
a cháineann; a cháineas / a gcáineann*; a gcáineas* |
cáintear |
| past | cháin mé; cháineas | cháin tú; cháinis | cháin sé, sí | cháineamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; cháineabhair | cháin siad; cháineadar | a cháin / ar cháin* |
cáineadh | |
| past habitual | cháininn | cháinteá | cháineadh sé, sí | cháinimis; cháineadh muid | cháineadh sibh | cháinidís; cháineadh siad | a cháineadh / ar cháineadh* |
cháintí | |
| future | cáinfidh mé; cáinfead |
cáinfidh tú; cáinfir† |
cáinfidh sé, sí | cáinfimid; cáinfidh muid |
cáinfidh sibh | cáinfidh siad; cáinfid† |
a cháinfidh; a cháinfeas / a gcáinfidh*; a gcáinfeas* |
cáinfear | |
| conditional | cháinfinn | cháinfeá | cháinfeadh sé, sí | cháinfimis; cháinfeadh muid | cháinfeadh sibh | cháinfidís; cháinfeadh siad | a cháinfeadh / ar cháinfeadh* |
cháinfí | |
| subjunctive | present | go gcáine mé; go gcáinead† |
go gcáine tú; go gcáinir† |
go gcáine sé, sí | go gcáinimid; go gcáine muid |
go gcáine sibh | go gcáine siad; go gcáinid† |
— | go gcáintear |
| past | dá gcáininn | dá gcáinteá | dá gcáineadh sé, sí | dá gcáinimis; dá gcáineadh muid |
dá gcáineadh sibh | dá gcáinidís; dá gcáineadh siad |
— | dá gcáintí | |
| imperative | cáinim | cáin | cáineadh sé, sí | cáinimis | cáinigí; cáinidh† |
cáinidís | — | cáintear | |
| verbal noun | cáineadh | ||||||||
| past participle | cáinte | ||||||||
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
Alternative conjugation:
First Conjugation (A)
| singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
| indicative | present | cánaim | cánann tú; cánair† |
cánann sé, sí | cánaimid | cánann sibh | cánann siad; cánaid† |
a chánann; a chánas / a gcánann*; a gcánas* |
cántar |
| past | cháin mé; chánas | cháin tú; chánais | cháin sé, sí | chánamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; chánabhair | cháin siad; chánadar | a cháin / ar cháin* |
cánadh | |
| past habitual | chánainn | chántá | chánadh sé, sí | chánaimis; chánadh muid | chánadh sibh | chánaidís; chánadh siad | a chánadh / ar chánadh* |
chántaí | |
| future | cánfaidh mé; cánfad |
cánfaidh tú; cánfair† |
cánfaidh sé, sí | cánfaimid; cánfaidh muid |
cánfaidh sibh | cánfaidh siad; cánfaid† |
a chánfaidh; a chánfas / a gcánfaidh*; a gcánfas* |
cánfar | |
| conditional | chánfainn | chánfá | chánfadh sé, sí | chánfaimis; chánfadh muid | chánfadh sibh | chánfaidís; chánfadh siad | a chánfadh / ar chánfadh* |
chánfaí | |
| subjunctive | present | go gcána mé; go gcánad† |
go gcána tú; go gcánair† |
go gcána sé, sí | go gcánaimid; go gcána muid |
go gcána sibh | go gcána siad; go gcánaid† |
— | go gcántar |
| past | dá gcánainn | dá gcántá | dá gcánadh sé, sí | dá gcánaimis; dá gcánadh muid |
dá gcánadh sibh | dá gcánaidís; dá gcánadh siad |
— | dá gcántaí | |
| imperative | cánaim | cáin | cánadh sé, sí | cánaimis | cánaigí; cánaidh† |
cánaidís | — | cántar | |
| verbal noun | cánadh | ||||||||
| past participle | cánta | ||||||||
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
Mutation
| Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
| cáin | cháin | gcáin |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- "cáin" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “cáin” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
- “cáin” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
- “cáinid” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kaːnʲ/
Noun
cáin f
Inflection
| Feminine i-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | |||
| Vocative | |||
| Accusative | |||
| Genitive | |||
| Dative | |||
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
| |||
Derived terms
- cáinid
- cánachas
Descendants
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| cáin | cháin | cáin pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/ |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- “cáin” in Dictionary of the Irish Language, Royal Irish Academy, 1913–76.
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