ὅσπερ

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ὅς (hós) + περ (per)

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hós.per/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)os.pɛr/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈos.per/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈos.per/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈos.per/

Pronoun

ὅσπερ • (hósper)

the very man who, the very thing which
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.524
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.101
1. (used after adjectives of resemblance)
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.42
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1499
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.4.34
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.74
(several cases are used absolutely)
1. (ὅπερ) wherefore
  - 100 BCE – 1 BCE, Diodorus Siculus, Library 13.18
  - 50 CE – 250 CE, Apollonius Dyscolus, On Pronouns 103.7
2. (ἅπερ) as, like
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 381
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 131
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 660
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 168
  - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 175
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.1.18
3. (οὗπερ)
4. (ᾗπερ) which way, where, whither
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.41
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.33
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5.10
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.30
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.286
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 440
  - 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 364
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.310
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.8.2
5. (logic, ὅπερ ἐστί, ὅπερ ἦν, used to denote the essence)
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 3B.36
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Categories 6A.39
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Topics 120B.23
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Topics 116A.27
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1153B.6
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Posterior Analytics 83A.24
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 1030A.3
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Posterior Analytics 89A.35

Inflection

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ὅσπερ	ἥπερ	ὅπερ	ὥπερ	ἅπερ	ὥπερ	οἵπερ	αἵπερ	ἅπερ
Genitive	οὗπερ	ἧσπερ	οὗπερ	οἷνπερ	αἷνπερ	οἷνπερ	ὧνπερ	ὧνπερ	ὧνπερ
Dative	ᾧπερ	ᾗπερ	ᾧπερ	οἷνπερ	αἷνπερ	οἷνπερ	οἷσπερ	αἷσπερ	οἷσπερ
Accusative	ὅνπερ	ἥνπερ	ὅπερ	ὥπερ	ἅπερ	ὥπερ	οὕσπερ	ἅσπερ	ἅπερ

References

ὅσπερ in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ὅσπερ in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ὅσπερ in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὅσπερ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὅσπερ in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G3746 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- which idem, page 976.
- who idem, page 977.

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