شمال
Arabic
Etymology 1
Diachronically from Proto-Semitic *ŝimaʔl, synchronically from ش م ل (š-m-l). Cognate with Hebrew שְׂמֹאל (s'mól, “left”), Akkadian 𒆏 (GÚB, šumēlu, “left side”), Aramaic סְמָלָא / ܣܡܠܐ (semālā, “left side”), Ugaritic 𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍 (šmảl). The north sense derives from the left-hand side facing the sunrise, also attested in Old South Arabian 𐩡𐩣𐩦 (s2ʔml, “to be northward”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃi.maːl/
Noun
شِمَال • (šimāl) f (plural أَشْمُل (ʾašmul) or شَمَائِل (šamāʾil) or شُمُل (šumul))
Declension
Declension of noun شِمَال (šimāl)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
| Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
| Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
| Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
| Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote; basic broken plural diptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʾašmul; šamāʾil; šumul |
الْأَشْمُل; الشَّمَائِل; الشُّمُل al-ʾašmul; aš-šamāʾil; aš-šumul |
أَشْمُل; شَمَائِل; شُمُل ʾašmul; šamāʾil; šumul |
| Nominative | أَشْمُلٌ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلٌ ʾašmulun; šamāʾilu; šumulun |
الْأَشْمُلُ; الشَّمَائِلُ; الشُّمُلُ al-ʾašmulu; aš-šamāʾilu; aš-šumulu |
أَشْمُلُ; شَمَائِلُ; شُمُلُ ʾašmulu; šamāʾilu; šumulu |
| Accusative | أَشْمُلًا; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلًا ʾašmulan; šamāʾila; šumulan |
الْأَشْمُلَ; الشَّمَائِلَ; الشُّمُلَ al-ʾašmula; aš-šamāʾila; aš-šumula |
أَشْمُلَ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلَ ʾašmula; šamāʾila; šumula |
| Genitive | أَشْمُلٍ; شَمَائِلَ; شُمُلٍ ʾašmulin; šamāʾila; šumulin |
الْأَشْمُلِ; الشَّمَائِلِ; الشُّمُلِ al-ʾašmuli; aš-šamāʾili; aš-šumuli |
أَشْمُلِ; شَمَائِلِ; شُمُلِ ʾašmuli; šamāʾili; šumuli |
Synonyms
- يَسَار (yasār)
Antonyms
- يَمِين (yamīn)
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
- “Proto-Semitic Root: *ŝimaʔl-; Number 2218” in Georgiy Starostin, Tower of Babel, Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin.
Etymology 2
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to bundle, “to wrap”, “to huddle”, “to be cold” – such senses are influenced by the cold-dry northerly wind necessitating wrapping up with clothes.
Noun
شِمَال • (šimāl) m (plural شَمَائِل (šamāʾil))
Declension
Declension of noun شِمَال (šimāl)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شِمَال šimāl |
الشِّمَال aš-šimāl |
شِمَال šimāl |
| Nominative | شِمَالٌ šimālun |
الشِّمَالُ aš-šimālu |
شِمَالُ šimālu |
| Accusative | شِمَالًا šimālan |
الشِّمَالَ aš-šimāla |
شِمَالَ šimāla |
| Genitive | شِمَالٍ šimālin |
الشِّمَالِ aš-šimāli |
شِمَالِ šimāli |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | شِمَالَيْن šimālayn |
الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šimālayn |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Nominative | شِمَالَانِ šimālāni |
الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šimālāni |
شِمَالَا šimālā |
| Accusative | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Genitive | شِمَالَيْنِ šimālayni |
الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šimālayni |
شِمَالَيْ šimālay |
| Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شَمَائِل šamāʾil |
الشَّمَائِل aš-šamāʾil |
شَمَائِل šamāʾil |
| Nominative | شَمَائِلُ šamāʾilu |
الشَّمَائِلُ aš-šamāʾilu |
شَمَائِلُ šamāʾilu |
| Accusative | شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
الشَّمَائِلَ aš-šamāʾila |
شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
| Genitive | شَمَائِلَ šamāʾila |
الشَّمَائِلِ aš-šamāʾili |
شَمَائِلِ šamāʾili |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
Etymology 3
From the root ش م ل (š-m-l) meaning “to be leftward” – the north direction being the left-hand side facing the sunrise. Additionally it is relatable to the root meaning “to bundle” or “to wrap”, as the cold northern wind necessitated wrapping up with clothes, contrasting with جَنُوب (janūb, “south”) from the root ج ن ب (j-n-b) meaning “changing”, “laying aside” clothes, the warm southern wind allowing to put off clothes.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʃa.maːl/
-
Audio (file)
Noun
شَمَال • (šamāl) m
Declension
Declension of noun شَمَال (šamāl)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شَمَال šamāl |
الشَّمَال aš-šamāl |
شَمَال šamāl |
| Nominative | شَمَالٌ šamālun |
الشَّمَالُ aš-šamālu |
شَمَالُ šamālu |
| Accusative | شَمَالًا šamālan |
الشَّمَالَ aš-šamāla |
شَمَالَ šamāla |
| Genitive | شَمَالٍ šamālin |
الشَّمَالِ aš-šamāli |
شَمَالِ šamāli |
Antonyms
- جَنُوب (janūb)
Noun
شَمَال or شِمَال • (šamāl or šimāl) f (plural شَمَالَات (šamālāt) or شِمَالَات (šimālāt))
Declension
Declension of noun شَمَال (šamāl); شِمَال (šimāl)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شَمَال; شِمَال šamāl; šimāl |
الشَّمَال; الشِّمَال aš-šamāl; aš-šimāl |
شَمَال; شِمَال šamāl; šimāl |
| Nominative | شَمَالٌ; شِمَالٌ šamālun; šimālun |
الشَّمَالُ; الشِّمَالُ aš-šamālu; aš-šimālu |
شَمَالُ; شِمَالُ šamālu; šimālu |
| Accusative | شَمَالًا; شِمَالًا šamālan; šimālan |
الشَّمَالَ; الشِّمَالَ aš-šamāla; aš-šimāla |
شَمَالَ; شِمَالَ šamāla; šimāla |
| Genitive | شَمَالٍ; شِمَالٍ šamālin; šimālin |
الشَّمَالِ; الشِّمَالِ aš-šamāli; aš-šimāli |
شَمَالِ; شِمَالِ šamāli; šimāli |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | شَمَالَيْن; شِمَالَيْن šamālayn; šimālayn |
الشَّمَالَيْن; الشِّمَالَيْن aš-šamālayn; aš-šimālayn |
شَمَالَيْ; شِمَالَيْ šamālay; šimālay |
| Nominative | شَمَالَانِ; شِمَالَانِ šamālāni; šimālāni |
الشَّمَالَانِ; الشِّمَالَانِ aš-šamālāni; aš-šimālāni |
شَمَالَا; شِمَالَا šamālā; šimālā |
| Accusative | شَمَالَيْنِ; شِمَالَيْنِ šamālayni; šimālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ; الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni; aš-šimālayni |
شَمَالَيْ; شِمَالَيْ šamālay; šimālay |
| Genitive | شَمَالَيْنِ; شِمَالَيْنِ šamālayni; šimālayni |
الشَّمَالَيْنِ; الشِّمَالَيْنِ aš-šamālayni; aš-šimālayni |
شَمَالَيْ; شِمَالَيْ šamālay; šimālay |
| Plural | sound feminine plural | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | شَمَالَات; شِمَالَات šamālāt; šimālāt |
الشَّمَالَات; الشِّمَالَات aš-šamālāt; aš-šimālāt |
شَمَالَات; شِمَالَات šamālāt; šimālāt |
| Nominative | شَمَالَاتٌ; شِمَالَاتٌ šamālātun; šimālātun |
الشَّمَالَاتُ; الشِّمَالَاتُ aš-šamālātu; aš-šimālātu |
شَمَالَاتُ; شِمَالَاتُ šamālātu; šimālātu |
| Accusative | شَمَالَاتٍ; شِمَالَاتٍ šamālātin; šimālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ; الشِّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti; aš-šimālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ; شِمَالَاتِ šamālāti; šimālāti |
| Genitive | شَمَالَاتٍ; شِمَالَاتٍ šamālātin; šimālātin |
الشَّمَالَاتِ; الشِّمَالَاتِ aš-šamālāti; aš-šimālāti |
شَمَالَاتِ; شِمَالَاتِ šamālāti; šimālāti |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “شمال”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “شمال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “شمل”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Chagatai
Etymology
Noun
شمال (šemal)
Persian
Etymology
Pronunciation
- (Iranian Persian) IPA(key): /ʃoˈmɒːl/
Noun
| Dari Persian | شمال |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | شمال |
| Tajiki Persian | шимол (šimol) |
شمال • (šomâl)
Synonyms
- آپا (âpâ)
Derived terms
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