τραχύς

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

τρηχῠ́ς (trēkhús) – Epic, Ionic

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tʰrākʰús (whence Mycenaean Greek 𐀲𐀨𐀐𐀹(𐀊) (ta-ra-ke-wi-(-ja-))), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréh₂gʰ-us ~ *dʰr̥h₂gʰ-éws (“rough”), from *dʰreh₂gʰ- (“to irritate”).^[1] Compare θρᾱ́σσω (thrā́ssō).^[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /traː.kʰýs/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /traˈkʰys/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /traˈxys/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /traˈçys/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /traˈçis/

Adjective

τρᾱχῠ́ς • (trākhús) m (feminine τρᾱχεῖᾰ, neuter τρᾱχῠ́); first/third declension

jagged
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.5
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 9.9
- 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, On the Senses 65
prickly
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.32e
rugged
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.5
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.14
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.23
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 726
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 1083
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 4.10
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Flam. 4
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 328e
rough
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, περὶ νούσων 2.63
- 129 CE – 216 CE, Galen, Collected Works 6.418
- Diocl., Fr. 26
- 50 CE – 150 CE, Soranus, Collected Works 2.16
shaggy
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 408d
- 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 194e
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.10.1
(of the voice of boys) cracking
- 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 581a.18
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Gaius Marius 14
harsh
- 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 67c
1. (of a person)
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.6.9
  - 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 14.2.28
2. (of sounds)
  - 110 BCE – 35 BCE, Philodemus, Po.Herc. 994.32
3. (of battle and conflict)
  - 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 119
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4.17
  - 556 BCE – 468 BCE, Simonides, Collected Works 89
  - Tyrt. 12.22
4. (of natural forces)
  - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1048
  - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 84c
  - 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alexander the Great 60
  - 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 1.1078
(of persons, their acts, feelings, or conditions), rough, harsh, savage
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 4.96
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 7.76
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 8.10
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 35
- 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1421
- 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1049
- 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 313
- 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 447
- 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 63e
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 864c
- 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 406a
- 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 452c
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 7.18
- 638 BCE – 558 BCE, Solon, Collected Works 4.35

Declension

First and third declension of τρᾱχῠ́ς; τρᾱχεῖᾰ; τρᾱχῠ́ (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	τρᾱχῠ́ς trākhús	τρᾱχεῖᾰ trākheîa	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχεῖαι trākheîai	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Genitive	τρᾱχέως trākhéōs	τρᾱχείᾱς trākheíās	τρᾱχέως trākhéōs	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχείαιν trākheíain	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχέων trākhéōn	τρᾱχειῶν trākheiôn	τρᾱχέων trākhéōn
Dative	τρᾱχεῖ trākheî	τρᾱχείᾳ trākheíāi	τρᾱχεῖ trākheî	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχείαιν trākheíain	τρᾱχέοιν trākhéoin	τρᾱχέσῐ(ν) trākhési(n)	τρᾱχείαις trākheíais	τρᾱχέσῐ(ν) trākhési(n)
Accusative	τρᾱχῠ́ν trākhún	τρᾱχεῖᾰν trākheîan	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχείᾱς trākheíās	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Vocative	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú	τρᾱχεῖᾰ trākheîa	τρᾱχῠ́ trākhú	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχείᾱ trākheíā	τρᾱχέε trākhée	τρᾱχεῖς trākheîs	τρᾱχεῖαι trākheîai	τρᾱχέᾰ trākhéa
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	τρᾱχέως trākhéōs			τρᾱχῠ́τερος trākhúteros			τρᾱχῠ́τᾰτος trākhútatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and third declension of τρηχῠ́ς; τρηχεῖᾰ; τρηχῠ́ (Epic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	τρηχῠ́ς trēkhús	τρηχεῖᾰ trēkheîa	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχεῖαι trēkheîai	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Genitive	τρηχέος trēkhéos	τρηχείᾱς trēkheíās	τρηχέος trēkhéos	τρηχέοιῐν trēkhéoiin	τρηχείαι(ῐ)ν / τρηχείῃῐν trēkheíai(i)n / trēkheíēiin	τρηχέοιῐν trēkhéoiin	τρηχέων trēkhéōn	τρηχειᾱ́ων / τρηχειέ͜ων / τρηχειῶν trēkheiā́ōn / trēkheié͜ōn / trēkheiôn	τρηχέων trēkhéōn
Dative	τρηχεῖ trēkheî	τρηχείᾳ trēkheíāi	τρηχεῖ trēkheî	τρηχέοιῐν trēkhéoiin	τρηχείαι(ῐ)ν / τρηχείῃῐν trēkheíai(i)n / trēkheíēiin	τρηχέοιῐν trēkhéoiin	τρηχέεσσῐ(ν) / τρηχέεσῐ(ν) / τρηχέσῐ(ν) trēkhéessi(n) / trēkhéesi(n) / trēkhési(n)	τρηχείῃσῐ(ν) / τρηχείῃς / τρηχείαις trēkheíēisi(n) / trēkheíēis / trēkheíais	τρηχέεσσῐ(ν) / τρηχέεσῐ(ν) / τρηχέσῐ(ν) trēkhéessi(n) / trēkhéesi(n) / trēkhési(n)
Accusative	τρηχῠ́ν trēkhún	τρηχεῖᾰν trēkheîan	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχείᾱς trēkheíās	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Vocative	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχεῖᾰ trēkheîa	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχεῖαι trēkheîai	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	τρηχέως trēkhéōs			τρηχῠ́τερος trēkhúteros			τρηχῠ́τᾰτος trēkhútatos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

First and third declension of τρηχῠ́ς; τρηχεῖᾰ; τρηχῠ́ (Ionic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	τρηχῠ́ς trēkhús	τρηχεῖᾰ trēkheîa	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχεῖαι trēkheîai	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Genitive	τρηχέος trēkhéos	τρηχείᾱς trēkheíās	τρηχέος trēkhéos	τρηχέοιν trēkhéoin	τρηχείαιν trēkheíain	τρηχέοιν trēkhéoin	τρηχέων trēkhéōn	τρηχειέων / τρηχειῶν trēkheiéōn / trēkheiôn	τρηχέων trēkhéōn
Dative	τρηχεῖ trēkheî	τρηχείᾳ trēkheíāi	τρηχεῖ trēkheî	τρηχέοιν trēkhéoin	τρηχείαιν trēkheíain	τρηχέοιν trēkhéoin	τρηχέσῐ(ν) trēkhési(n)	τρηχείαις trēkheíais	τρηχέσῐ(ν) trēkhési(n)
Accusative	τρηχῠ́ν trēkhún	τρηχεῖᾰν trēkheîan	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχείᾱς trēkheíās	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Vocative	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχεῖᾰ trēkheîa	τρηχῠ́ trēkhú	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχείᾱ trēkheíā	τρηχέε trēkhée	τρηχεῖς trēkheîs	τρηχεῖαι trēkheîai	τρηχέᾰ trēkhéa
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	τρηχέως trēkhéōs			τρηχῠ́τερος trēkhúteros			τρηχῠ́τᾰτος trēkhútatos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Terms derived from τραχύς (trakhús)

τρᾱχεόστρᾰκος (trākheóstrakos)
τρᾱχέως (trākhéōs)
τρᾱχόομαι (trākhóomai)
τρᾱ́χουρος (trā́khouros)
τρᾱχῠβᾰτέω (trākhubatéō)
τρᾱχῠ́δερμος (trākhúdermos)
τρᾱχῠδέρμων (trākhudérmōn)
τρᾱχῠντῐκός (trākhuntikós)
τρᾱχῠ́νω (trākhúnō)

τρᾱχῠόδους (trākhuódous)
τρᾱχῠόστρᾰκος (trākhuóstrakos)
τρᾱχῠ́πους (trākhúpous)
τρᾱ́χῠσμᾰ (trā́khusma)
τρᾱχῠσμός (trākhusmós)
τρᾱχῠ́στομος (trākhústomos)
τρᾱχῠ́της (trākhútēs)
τρᾱχῠ́φλοιος (trākhúphloios)

τρᾱχῠφωνέω (trākhuphōnéō)
τρᾱχῠφωνῐ́ᾱ (trākhuphōníā)
τρᾱχῠ́φωνος (trākhúphōnos)
τρᾱ́χω (trā́khō)
τρᾱχώδης (trākhṓdēs)
τρᾱχωμᾰ (trākhōma)
τρᾱχωμᾰτῐκός (trākhōmatikós)
τρᾱχών (trākhṓn)

Descendants

Greek: τραχύς (trachýs)

References

↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τρᾱχύς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 1501-1502
↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θρᾱ́σσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 553

τραχύς in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek τρᾱχύς (trākhús)

Adjective

τραχύς • (trachýs) m (feminine τραχιά or τραχεία, neuter τραχύ)

abrasive, of coarse manner, gruff, grating

Declension

positive forms of τραχύς

number case / gender	singular			plural
number case / gender	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύς	τραχιά	τραχύ	τραχιοί	τραχιές	τραχιά
genitive	τραχιού / τραχύ	τραχιάς	τραχιού / τραχύ	τραχιών	τραχιών	τραχιών
accusative	τραχύ	τραχιά	τραχύ	τραχιούς	τραχιές	τραχιά
vocative	τραχύ	τραχιά	τραχύ	τραχιοί	τραχιές	τραχιά
derivations	comparative: πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. πιο τραχύς, etc.) relative superlative: definite article + πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο τραχύς (o pio trachýs), etc.)

degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
comparative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύτερος	τραχύτερη	τραχύτερο	τραχύτεροι	τραχύτερες	τραχύτερα
genitive	τραχύτερου	τραχύτερης	τραχύτερου	τραχύτερων	τραχύτερων	τραχύτερων
accusative	τραχύτερο	τραχύτερη	τραχύτερο	τραχύτερους	τραχύτερες	τραχύτερα
vocative	τραχύτερε	τραχύτερη	τραχύτερο	τραχύτεροι	τραχύτερες	τραχύτερα
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο τραχύτερος", etc)
absolute superlative	singular			plural
absolute superlative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	τραχύτατος	τραχύτατη	τραχύτατο	τραχύτατοι	τραχύτατες	τραχύτατα
genitive	τραχύτατου	τραχύτατης	τραχύτατου	τραχύτατων	τραχύτατων	τραχύτατων
accusative	τραχύτατο	τραχύτατη	τραχύτατο	τραχύτατους	τραχύτατες	τραχύτατα
vocative	τραχύτατε	τραχύτατη	τραχύτατο	τραχύτατοι	τραχύτατες	τραχύτατα

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “τρᾱχύς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 1501-1502

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θρᾱ́σσω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 553