καλός

See also: κάλος, κάλως, and καλώς

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

κάλος (kálos) – Aeolic
καλϝός (kalwós) – Boeotian

Etymology

From earlier καλϝός (kalwós), from Proto-Indo-European *kal-wo-s, form of *kal- (“beautiful”).

While it has been compared with Sanskrit कल्य (kalya), this does not seem a satisfactory explanation for the term and all of its variations and descendants.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kaː.lós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ka.lós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /kaˈlos/

Adjective

καλός • (kalós) m (feminine καλή, neuter καλόν); first/second declension

Usage notes

This word always has a long (heavy) first syllable in the meter of Homer. This was originally a consequence of the digamma — καλϝός (kalwós) — which resulted in a syllable ending in a consonant: /kal.wos/. But, once the digamma was lost, the heavy syllable was reanalyzed as being the consequence of a long vowel in the first syllable: κᾱλός (kālós).

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.96–97
ὣς εἰποῦσ' ὑπὸ ποσσὶν ἐδήσατο κᾱλὰ [= καλϝά] πέδῑλα,
ἀμβρόσια χρῡ́σεια,
hṑs eipoûs' hupò possìn edḗsato kālà [= kalwá] pédīla,
ambrósia khrū́seia,
So saying, she tied beautiful immortal golden sandals under her feet,

Inflection

First and second declension of καλός; καλή; καλόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	καλός kalós	καλή kalḗ	καλόν kalón	καλώ kalṓ	καλᾱ́ kalā́	καλώ kalṓ	καλοί kaloí	καλαί kalaí	καλᾰ́ kalá
Genitive	καλοῦ kaloû	καλῆς kalês	καλοῦ kaloû	καλοῖν kaloîn	καλαῖν kalaîn	καλοῖν kaloîn	καλῶν kalôn	καλῶν kalôn	καλῶν kalôn
Dative	καλῷ kalôi	καλῇ kalêi	καλῷ kalôi	καλοῖν kaloîn	καλαῖν kalaîn	καλοῖν kaloîn	καλοῖς kaloîs	καλαῖς kalaîs	καλοῖς kaloîs
Accusative	καλόν kalón	καλήν kalḗn	καλόν kalón	καλώ kalṓ	καλᾱ́ kalā́	καλώ kalṓ	καλούς kaloús	καλᾱ́ς kalā́s	καλᾰ́ kalá
Vocative	καλέ kalé	καλή kalḗ	καλόν kalón	καλώ kalṓ	καλᾱ́ kalā́	καλώ kalṓ	καλοί kaloí	καλαί kalaí	καλᾰ́ kalá
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	καλῶς kalôs			καλλίων kallíōn			κάλλιστος kállistos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Related terms

κάλλος (kállos)

Descendants

Greek: καλός (kalós, “good”)

References

καλός, ή, όν in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
καλός in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
καλός in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
καλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
καλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
καλός in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G2570 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
καλός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- admirable idem, page 12.
- artistic idem, page 42.
- auspicious idem, page 53.
- beautiful idem, page 68.
- buxom idem, page 107.
- capital idem, page 111.
- comely idem, page 145.
- creditable idem, page 183.
- elegant idem, page 265.
- estimable idem, page 283.
- excellent idem, page 288.
- exquisite idem, page 296.
- fair idem, page 302.
- favourable idem, page 311.
- fine idem, page 321.
- fortunate idem, page 340.
- good idem, page 366.
- goodly idem, page 367.
- handsome idem, page 383.
- happy idem, page 384.
- high-principled idem, page 400.
- honourable idem, page 405.
- hopeful idem, page 405.
- lovely idem, page 502.
- lucky idem, page 504.
- noble idem, page 559.
- ornamental idem, page 580.
- picturesque idem, page 611.
- plausible idem, page 618.
- pomantic idem, page 625.
- principled idem, page 641.
- promising idem, page 653.
- propitious idem, page 653.
- reputable idem, page 699.
- righteous idem, page 715.
- skilful idem, page 780.
- specious idem, page 799.
- spruce idem, page 806.
- virtuous idem, page 954.
- well-favoured idem, page 974.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek καλός.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /kaˈlɔs/, [kɐˈlo̞s̠]
Hyphenation: κα‧λός
Homophone: καλώς (kalós)

Adjective

καλός • (kalós) m (feminine καλή, neuter καλό)

good
nice, likeable

Declension

positive forms of καλός

number case / gender	singular			plural
number case / gender	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	καλός	καλή	καλό	καλοί	καλές	καλά
genitive	καλού	καλής	καλού	καλών	καλών	καλών
accusative	καλό	καλή	καλό	καλούς	καλές	καλά
vocative	καλέ	καλή	καλό	καλοί	καλές	καλά
derivations	comparative: πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. πιο καλός, etc.) relative superlative: definite article + πιο (pio) + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο καλός (o pio kalós), etc.)

degrees of comparison by suffixation

comparative	singular			plural
comparative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	καλύτερος	καλύτερη	καλύτερο	καλύτεροι	καλύτερες	καλύτερα
genitive	καλύτερου	καλύτερης	καλύτερου	καλύτερων	καλύτερων	καλύτερων
accusative	καλύτερο	καλύτερη	καλύτερο	καλύτερους	καλύτερες	καλύτερα
vocative	καλύτερε	καλύτερη	καλύτερο	καλύτεροι	καλύτερες	καλύτερα
derivations	relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο καλύτερος", etc)
absolute superlative	singular			plural
absolute superlative	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	άριστος	άριστη	άριστο	άριστοι	άριστες	άριστα
genitive	άριστου	άριστης	άριστου	άριστων	άριστων	άριστων
accusative	άριστο	άριστη	άριστο	άριστους	άριστες	άριστα
vocative	άριστε	άριστη	άριστο	άριστοι	άριστες	άριστα
notes	There is an alternative but less common absolute form κάλλιστος

Antonyms

κακός (kakós)

Derived terms

καλό ταξίδι (kaló taxídi, “bon voyage”, literally “good journey”)
καλή όρεξη (kalí órexi, “bon appetit”, literally “good appetite”)
καλό μήνα (kaló mína, literally “good month”) (a greeting for the new month)

Noun

καλός • (kalós) m (plural καλοί)

the good man

Οι καλοί θα πάνε στον Παράδεισο. ― Oi kaloí tha páne ston Parádeiso. ― The good will go to Heaven.
goodie, goody
sweetheart

Declension

declension of καλός

	singular	plural
nominative	καλός •	καλοί •
genitive	καλού •	καλών •
accusative	καλό •	καλούς •
vocative	καλέ •	καλοί •

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