a family of poetic power, his stepfather, Aus ibn Hajar, his sister, Khansā, and his son, Ka’b ibn Zuhair, were all poets of eminence. He is said to have lived long, and at the age of one hundred to have met Mahomet. His home was in the land of the Banī Ghatafān. His poems are characterized by their peaceful nature and a sententious moralizing. One of them is contained in the Moallakat. (G. W. T.)

ZUIDER ZEE, or ZUYDER ZLE, a landlocked inlet on the coast of Holland, bounded N by the cha1n of the F nslan Islands, and W S, and In by the prcvmces of North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overysel, and Frlesland It IS about 85 m long N to S, and from IO to 45 rn broad, with an area of 2027 sq m, and contams the xslands of Marken, Schokland, Urk, Wxenngen and Gnend In the early centuries of the Chr1st1an era the Zulder (ze Southern) Zee was a small 1nland lake sltuated ln the southern part of the present gulf, and called Flevo by Tacrtus, Pllny, and other early writers It was separated from the sea by a belt of marsh and fen un1t1ng Frxesland and North Holland, the orrgmnal ooast-lme being st1ll 1ncl1cated by the l]I1B of the I'r1s1an Islands Numerous streams, lncludlng the Vecht, Eem, and Ysel, discharged their waters 1nto trus lake and rssued thence as the Vl1e (Latm Fle-vus) wh1ch reached the North Sea by the Vllegat between the islands of Vheland and Terschelllng In the Lex Frzsanum the Vlle (Fll, or Flehl) 15 accepted as the boundary between the terntory of the East ard West Fr1s1ans in time, however and especially dunng the 12th century, high t1des and north-west storms swept away the western banks of the Vl1e and submerged great tracts of land In II7O the land between Stavoren, 'Iexel, and Medembhk was washed away, and a century later the Zulder Zee was formed The open waterway bctwecn Stavoren and Enkhurzen however, as it now exrsts, dates from 1400 In the south and east the destruction was arrested by the h1gh sandy shores of Goor, Veluwe, Voorst, and Gasterland 1n the provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, Overysel, and F rlesland respectively. The mean depth of the Zulder Zee is ll 48 ft; depth in the southern t'as1n of the former lake, IQ ft, at Val van Urk (deep water to the west of the 1sland of Urk), 14§ ft. If a l1ne be drawn from the lsland of Urk to Marken, and thence westwards to Hoorn (!orth Holland) and N 'I E to Lemmer (Fnesland), these llnes mll connect parts of the Zulder Zee havlng a urnform depth of S ft The other parts on the coast are only 3 ft deep or less This shallowness of 1ts waters served to protect the Zulder Zee from the 1nas1on of large slnps of war It also e>.pla1ns how many once Hourlslnvlg conxmcrclal towns, such as Staxoren, Medemblrk, Enkhurren Hoorn Monnlkendam declmed to the rank 0fJ)1'OVll'|ClZl trafhng and flSl1lI'lg ports 'the tishcrles of t|1e Zuldcr .ee are of considerable importance Erghty per cent of the bottom C0l'lSlbl. S of sea clay and the more recent sxlt of the Ysel, 20 per cent of sand partly in the north about Urlc and Enkhurzen partly m the south along the h1gl1 shores of C001 Vcluwe &c The shallownef-s of the sea and the character of rts bottom, pron-uslng fertxle soll, occasloned varlous projects of dlamage The scheme recommended by the Zuxder Zee Vereenlglng (1886) formed the sub]cct of a report 1n 1894. by a state ('Ol'IIIllb5lOIl The prlnclpal feature rn the scheme was the bulldlng of a dlke from the xsland of Vl/xermgen to the coast of Fnesland The area south of this would be dlvxded into four polders with reservation, however, of a lake, Yselmecr, rn the centre whence branches would run to Ysel and the Zwolsche Drep to Amsterdam and by sluncee near Vl lerrngen to the northern part o" the sea The four polders with their areas of fcrtllc =o1l the Lake Yselmeer would ha.e an area

would be -

(1) Worth west polder area 53 S99 acres

(2) South west 77 554

(3) South-cast 266 |67

(4) North east 125 599

fertile soil

H

1

nl 560 sq

46,189 acres

08 715,

222 275, ,

l20,7d3,

would be the addrtlon to the krngdom of a new and femle o wxnce of the area of North Brabant a sa mg of expenses on dx es d1m1nut1on of lnundatlons lmpruwement of commumcatxon between the south and the north of the kingdom, protection nf 1slcs of the sea Sec the costs were calculated as follows (1) enclosmg drlcc, m The gam if s-Iulces, and regulation of Zwolsche Drep £1 760,000 (2) reclamation of four polders, £§ ,200,000, (3) delensxve works, £4l)0,000, (4) rndemnrty to fishermen, £180,000 total £7,51%1,000 ln 1901 the government introduced a blll 1n the States General, based on the recommendations of the comm1ss1on, provldrng for enclosing the Zurder Zee by bulldukila dlke from the North Ilolland coast, through the Arnsteldlep to lerlngen and from that lsland to the Frresland coast at Plaam, and further provldrng for the tlralnlng of two ortlons of the enclosed area namely the N W and the SW polgdcrs shown 1n the table The entmre work was to be completed rn 18 years at an estimated cost of £7,916 000. The hull falled to become law a11d rn consequence of tinanclal d1ll1cult1es the project had not, up to IQIO, advanced beyond the stage of conslderatxon

Vl/1th the c-xcept1on of Grrend and Qchokland the 1=lands of the Zulder Zee are xnhablted by small hshlng communltles who reta1n some archalc customs and a picturesque dress. Urk IS already mentxoned as all lsland in 966 The lnhabxtants of bchohland WBIB compelled to leaxe the xsland by order of the =tate rn 1859 rt bemng oonsldered lnsecure from lnutldatlon The lsland of (»r1end (or Grlnd) once boasted a walled town, whmch was destroyed by flood at the end of the 13th century But the lsland contrnucd for some centuries to serve as a pasturage for cattle, g1v111g lts name to a well-known descrrptlon of cheese Llke some of the other lslands, sheep are stlll brought to graze upon rt rn summer, and number of blrds eggs are collected upon rt in sprlng of the rslands were once the property of relxglous houses mainland

F he Br1t1sh Forcrgn Offrce report Drammg of the Z uuierzee (1931), an a

a large

Seeral

on the

glves full particulars of the Dutch governments scheme retrospect of all for mer proposals Sec also De econnmuche bet eek ens 1/an de rzfxlu1tz1zg en dmo glegg1ng der 7mde1zee tom Zuzderzee- Vefem (znd ed 1901) and D Bellct, "Le dessérhement du Zulderzee Rev Gang (1902) and W I Tuyn Oude Hnllandaclze Dorpen aan de Zuulerzee (Haarlem, 1900)

ZULA, a small town near the head of Annesley Bay on the African coast of the Red Sea. It derives its chief interest from ruins in its vicinity which are generally supposed to mark the site of the ancient emporium of Adulis (Ἀδουλὶς, Ἀδουλεί), the port of Axum (q.v.) and chief outlet in the early centuries of the Christian era for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. Cosmas Indicopleustes saw here an inscription of Ptolemy III (247 222 B.C.), and hence as the earliest mention of Adulis is found in the geographers of the first century A.D., it is conjectured that the town must have previously existed under another name and may have been the Bererice Panchrysus of the Ptolemies. Described by a Greek merchant of the time of Vespasian as “a well arranged market,” the place has been for centuries buried under sand. The ruins visible include a temple, obelisks and numerous fragments of columns.

ZULOAGA, IGNACIO (187c>-) Spanrsh palnter, was born at Erbar, 1n the Basque country, the son of the metalworker and damascener Placldo Zuloaga, and grandson of the organlzcr and dlrector of the ro) al armoury Ill Madrxd The fareer chosen for hm by lns fatlxcr was that of an arrhrtcct, and w1th tlns obj ct Ill v1cv he was sext to Rome, where he lmmedlatcly followed the strong unpulse that led h11n to pamt-1ng After only SIX months' work he completed h1s first prcture, wlnch was exhibited at the Pans Salon of ISQO Contmumg hrs s'ud1es IH Pans, he was strongly mtluenced by Gaugurn and Toulouse Lautrec Only on hrs return to hrs 11at1e soil he

found h1s true style, wh1ch 15 based cn the nat1o11al5pan1sh