best he rivals the leading landscape painters of his time His

paintings often bear a mark representing a pumpkin, a p1ctor1al representation of his name, wh1ch signifies “ little pumpkln ”

ZUCCARO, or Zucchero,^[1] the name of two Italian painters.

I. Taddeo Zuccroo (1529–1566), one of the most popular painters of the so called Roman mannerist school, was the son of Ottaviano Zuccaro, an almost unknown painter at St Angelo in Vado, where he was born in 1529. Taddeo found his way to Rome, and he succeeded at an early age in gain1ng a knowledge of painting and in finding patrons to employ him. When he was seventeen a pupil of Correggio, named Daniele da Parma, engaged him to assist in painting a series of frescoes in a chapel at Vitto near Sora, on the borders of the Abruzzi Taddeo returned to Rome in 1548, and began his career as a fresco painter, by executing a series of scenes in monochrome from the life of Fumus Cammillus on the front of the palace of a wealthy Roman named Jacopo Mattel From that time his success was assured, and he was largely employed by the popes Julius III and Paul IV, by Della Rovere, duke of Urbino, and by other rich patrons His best frescoes were a historical series painted on the walls of a new palace at Caprarola, built for Cardmal Alessandro Farnese, for which Taddeo also designed a great quantity of rich decorations in stucco relief after the style of Giulio Romano and other pupils of Raphael Nearly all his paintings were in fresco, very large in scale, and often in chiaroscuro or monochrome, they were more remarkable for rapidity of execution and a certain boldness of style than for any higher qualities His work IS mannered in style, artificial and pompous in conception, and lacks any close or accurate knowledge of the human form and its movements He died in Rome m 1566, and was buried in the Pantheon, not far from Raphael.

Taddeo's easel pictures are less common than his decorative frescoes A small painting on copper of the Adoration of the Shepherds, formerly in the collection of James II, is now at Hampton Court, it is a work of very small merit. The Caprarola frescoes were engraved and published by Prenner, Illusm Fatti Famesmm Calonlz nel Real Palazzo de Caprarola (Rome, 1748—50).

II. Federigo Zuccaro (1543–1609) was in 1550 placed under his brother Taddeo's charge in Rome, and worked as his assistant, he completed the Caprarola frescoes Federigo attained an eminence far beyond his very limited merits as a painter, and w as perhaps the most popular artist of his generation Probably no other painter has ever produced so many enormous frescoes crowded with figures on the most colossal scale, all executed under the unfortunate delusion that grandeur of effect could be attained merely by great slze combined w1th extravagance of attitude and exaggeration of every 1-.1nd Federigo'S first work of this sort was the completion of the painting of the dome of the cathedral at Florence, the work had been begun by the art historian Vasari, who wrote in the most generous language about his more successful rival Regardless of the injury to the apparent scale of the interior of the church, Federigo painted about 300 figures, each nearly 50 ft high, sprawlmg with violent contortions all over the surface. Happily age has so dimmed these pictures that their presence IS now almost harmless Federigo was recalled to Rome by Gregory XIII to continue in the Pauline chapel of the Vatican the scheme of decoration begun by Michelangelo during his fading years, but a quarrel between the painter and members of the papal court led to his departure from Italy He visited Brussels, and there made a series of cartoons for the tapestry-Weavers In 1574 he passed over to England, where he received commissions to paint the portraits of Queen Elizabeth, Mary, queen of Scots, Sir Nicholas Bacon, S11 Francis Walslngham, Lord High Admiral Howard, and others A curious full-length portrait of Elizabeth in fancy dress, now at Hampton Court, is attributed to this painter, though very doubtfully Another picture in the same collection appears to be a replica of his painting of the ' Allegory of Calumny ” as suggested by Lucian's description of a celebrated Work by Apelles, the Satire in the original painting, directed against some of his courtier enemies, was the immediate cause of Feder1go's temporarylextle from Rome His success as a painter of portraits and other works 1n oil was more reasonable than the admiration expressed for hls colossal frescoes A portrait of a “ Man with Two Dogs, ” 1n the P1tt1 Palace at Florence, is a work of some real nuer1t, as is also the “ Dead Christ and Angels ” 111 the Borghese Gallery in Rome Federigo was soon remlleci to Rome to finish his work on the vault of the Pauline chapel In 1585 he accepted an offer by Philip II of Sparn to decorate the new Ilsconal at a yearly salary of 2000 crowns and worked at the Escorial from January 1536 to tl-e end of 1588, when he returned to Rome He there founded 1n 1595, under a charter confferred by Status V, the Academy of St Luke, of which he was the first president Its organization suggested to S1r Joshua Reynolds his scheme for founding the English Royal Academy Like his contemporary Giorgio Vasarl, 1” ederlgo aimed at being an art critic and hrstorlan, but with very different success His ch1ef book, L'Idea de' Patton, Scultorz, ed Archzleltz (Turin, 1607), is a senseless mass of the most turgrd bombast Little can be said 1n pra1se of his smaller works, consisting of two volumes printed at Bologna in 1608, descr1b1ng h1s visit to Parma and a journey through central Italy Federrgo was raised to the rank of a cawltere not long before h1s death, which took place at Ancona 1n 1609.

For both Taddeo and Federigo Zuocaro see Vasari, pt iii, and Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, Roman School, epocll iii.  (J. H. M.) 

ZUG (Fr. Zoug), a canton of central Switzerland It is the smallest undlvlded canton, both as regards area and as regards population Its total area is but 92.3 sq. m., of which, however, no fewer than 75 1 sq m are reckoned as “ productive, ” forests covering 19 9 sq m Of the rest 10 sq m are occupied by the cantonal share of the lake of Zug (q.v.), and 23/4 sq. m. by the lake of Aegeri, which is wholly within the canton.

It includes the fertile strips on the eastern and western shores of the lower portion of the lake of Lug, together with the alluvial plain at lts northern extremity The lower range, culminating in the Zugerberg (3255 ft), and Wildspitz (5194 ft), the highest summit of the Rossberg, that rises east of the lake of Zug, separates lt from the basm and lake of Aegerl, as well as from the hlllv distrrct of Menzingen The Lorne issues from the lake of Aegeri, forcm its way through moraine deposits in a deep gorge with fine stalactite caverns and falls into the lake of Zug, issuing from xt very soon to flow into the Reuss. The Canton thus belongs to the hllly, not to the mountainous, Swiss cantons, but as it commands the entrance to the higher ground it has a certain stratcglcal positron. Railways connect xt both with Lucerne and with Zurich, while lines running along either shore of the lake of Zug loin at the Arth-Goldau statxon of the St Gotthard railway On the eastern shore of the lake of Aegerl, and within the territory of the canton, is the true slte of the famous battle of Morgarten (q.v.) won by the Swiss in 1315 Till 1814 Zug was in the diocese of Constance, but on the reconstruction of the diocese of Basel in 1828 it was assigned to it ln 1900 the populatxon of the canton was 25,09'§ , of whom 24,042 were German speaking, 819 Italian speaking, and 157 French speaking, while 23,362 were Romantsts, 1701 Protestants, and 19 Jews lts capital is Zug, while the manufacturing vxllage of Baar, 2 m N, had 4484 inhabitants, and the village of Cham, 3 m. N W, had 3025 mhabltants In both cases the environs of the villages are included, and this is even more the case with the wlde-spreading panshes of Unter Ae en with 259% rnhabltants, of Menzlngen with 2495 inhabitants, ant? the great sc ool for girls and female teachers, founded in 1844 by Father Theodosrus Florentini, and of Ober Aegeri with 1891 inhabitants

In the higher regions of the canton the population is mainly engaged in pastoral pursuits and cattle breeding There are 61 “ alps, ” or htgh pasturw in the canton. At Cham is a well known factory of condensed milk, now united with that of Nestlé of Vevey At Baar there are extensive cotton spinning mills and other factories Round the town of 7ug there are great numbers of fruit trees, and “K1rschwasser" (cherry water) and cider are largel manufactured. Apiculture too flourishes greatly. A number of factories have sprung up in the new quarter of the town, but the silk-weavlng lndustry has all but disap eared The canton forms a single administrative district, which comprises eleven communes The legislature, or Kantansrat, has one member to every 350 inhabitants, and the seven members of the enecutn e, or Regterungsrat, are elected directly by popular vote, proportional representation obtaining in both cases lf more than two members are to be elected 111 the same electoral district to posts in the same