boundary between Norway and Sweden descends from the fjeld in the south it should leave to Norway both sides of the valley of the Glommen.
The preceding table shows the area of the countries of Europe, Population. with their estimated or enumerated populations in thousands (000 omitted) at different dates.
A noteworthy feature of the distribution of population in Europe, especially in western, southern and central Europe, in modern times, is the high degree of aggregation in towns, which is exhibited in the following table[1] for the different countries or regions of the continent:—
| Percentage in Towns. | All Towns over 20,000. | ||
| Over 100,000. |
From 20,000 to 100,000. | ||
| England and Wales | 34.8 | 23.5 | 58.3 |
| Scotland | 29.7 | 9.9 | 39.7 |
| Ireland | 14.2 | 5.3 | 19.5 |
| Norway | 10.8 | 6.8 | 17.6 |
| Sweden | 8.5 | 2.6 | 11.2 |
| Denmark | 19.4 | 6.6 | 26.0 |
| German Empire | 17.0 | 11.2 | 28.2 |
| Netherlands | 22.3 | 15.0 | 37.3 |
| Belgium | 18.6 | 12.0 | 30.6 |
| France | 13.7 | 10.3 | 24.0 |
| Spain and Portugal | 10.5 | 5.7 | 16.2 |
| Bosnia, Servia and Bulgaria | .. | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Rumania | 4.6 | 7.2 | 11.8 |
| Hungary | 3.7 | 9.1 | 12.8 |
| Galicia and Bukovina | 2.0 | 4.8 | 6.8 |
| Cis-Leithan provinces of Austria | |||
| (exclusive of the two latter) | 12.4 | 5.9 | 18.3 |
| Poland | 10.6 | 4.2 | 14.8 |
| Baltic Provinces, Russia | 11.4 | 8.3 | 19.7 |
| Moscow region[2] | 9.6 | 5.4 | 15.0 |
| Black earth governments, Great Russia[3] | 0.7 | 4.9 | 5.6 |
| Governments of middle and lower Volga[4] | 3.3 | 4.0 | 7.3 |
| South Russia[5] | 7.0 | 8.5 | 15.5 |
| Finland | 3.8 | 4.3 | 8.1 |
The following table contains a list of the towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants, not in every case according to the most recent census, but, in order to make the populations fairly comparable with one another, according to the nearest census or available estimate to 1900. Population in thousands (000 omitted):—
| *London (Greater, 1901) | 6581 |
| London (Registration, 1901) | 4536 |
| *Paris (w. subs.) | 2877 |
| Paris (City, 1901) | 2661 |
| *Berlin (w. subs.) | 2073 |
| Berlin (1900) | 1884 |
| Vienna (1900) | 1662 |
| *St Petersburg (w. subs., 1897) | 1267 |
| *Constantinople (w. subs.) | 1200 |
| Moscow (w. subs., 1897) | 1036 |
| Glasgow (w. subs., 1901) | 910 |
| Hamburg-Altona (1900) | 867 |
| Liverpool (w. subs., 1901) | 767 |
| Manchester-Salford (1901) | 765 |
| Budapest (1900) | 732 |
| Warsaw (1897) | 638 |
| †Birmingham (w. subs., 1901) | 599 |
| *Naples (comm., 1901) | 565 |
| Brussels (1901) | 563 |
| *Madrid (1900) | 540 |
| Amsterdam (1902) | 540 |
| *Barcelona (1900) | 533 |
| Munich (1900) | 500 |
| Marseilles (1901) | 495 |
| *Milan (comm., 1901) | 493 |
| Copenhagen (w. subs., 1901) | 477 |
| *Rome (comm., 1901) | 463 |
| Lyons (1901) | 460 |
| Leipzig (1900) | 455 |
| Leeds (w. subs., 1901) | 444 |
| Breslau (1900) | 423 |
| Odessa (1897) | 405 |
| Dresden (1900) | 395 |
| Edinburgh-Leith (1901) | 393 |
| Sheffield (1901) | 381 |
| Dublin (w. subs., 1901) | 373 |
| Cologne (1900) | 372 |
| *Lisbon (1900) | 356 |
| Belfast (1901) | 349 |
| Rotterdam (1902) | 348 |
| Turin (comm., 1901) | 335 |
| Bristol (1901) | 329 |
| Newcastle-Gateshead (1901) | 325 |
| Prague (w. subs., 1900) | 317 |
| Lódz (1897) | 315 |
| *Palermo (comm., 1901) | 310 |
| Stockholm (1902) | 306 |
| Elbferfeld-Barmen (1901) | 299 |
| Bordeaux (w. subs., 1896) | 289 |
| Frankfort-on-Main | 288 |
| Riga (w. subs., 1897) | 283 |
| Bucharest (1899) | 282 |
| Bradford (1901) | 280 |
| Antwerp (1901) | 273 |
| ‡West Ham (1901) | 267 |
| Nuremberg (1900) | 261 |
| Kiev (1897) | 247 |
| Hull (1901) | 241 |
| Nottingham (1901) | 240 |
| Hanover (1900) | 237 |
| Genoa (comm., 1901) | 235 |
| Magdeburg (1900) | 230 |
| Christiania (1900) | 226 |
| The Hague (1902) | 222 |
| Roubaix-Tourcoing (1901) | 220 |
| Düsseldorf (1900) | 214 |
| *Valencia (1900) | 214 |
| Florence (comm., 1901) | 205 |
| Leicester (1901) | 212 |
| Lille (1901) | 211 |
| Chemnitz (1900) | 207 |
| Portsmouth (1901) | 189 |
| Charlottenburg (1900) | 189 |
| Königsberg (1900) | 188 |
| Triest (1900) | 179 |
| Plymouth-Devonport (1901) | 177 |
| Stuttgart (1900) | 176 |
| Kharkov (1897) | 174 |
| Bolton (1901) | 168 |
| Oporto (1900) | 168 |
| Cardiff (1901) | 164 |
| Bremen (1900) | 163 |
| Ghent (1901) | 162 |
| Dundee (1901) | 161 |
| Vilna (1897) | 160 |
| Brighton-Hove (1901) | 160 |
| Lemberg (1900) | 160 |
| Liége (1901) | 160 |
| Halle a S. (1900) | 157 |
| Aberdeen (1901) | 153 |
| Bologna (comm., 1901) | 152 |
| *Venice (comm., 1901) | 152 |
| Catania (comm., 1901) | 150 |
| Messina (comm., 1901) | 150 |
| Salonica | 150 |
| Strassburg (1900) | 150 |
| Zürich (comm., 1900) | 150 |
| Seville (1900) | 148 |
| St Etienne (1901) | 147 |
| Sunderland (1901) | 147 |
| Dortmund (1900) | 142 |
| Danzig (1900) | 141 |
| Mannheim (1900) | 140 |
| Stettin (1895) | 140 |
| Croydon (1901) | 139 |
| Graz (1900) | 138 |
| Oldham (1901) | 137 |
| Saratov (1897) | 137 |
| Aachen (1900) | 135 |
| Gothenburg (1902) | 134 |
| Toulouse (1896) | 134 |
| Nantes (1901) | 133 |
| Kazan (1897) | 132 |
| Malaga (1900) | 130 |
| Havre (1901) | 130 |
| Blackburn (1901) | 128 |
| Brunswick (1900) | 128 |
| Ekaterinoslav (1897) | 121 |
| Rostov-on-Don (1897) | 120 |
| Essen (1900) | 119 |
| Posen (1900) | 117 |
| Preston (1901) | 113 |
| Astrakhan (1897) | 113 |
| Norwich (1901) | 112 |
| Murcia (1900) | 112 |
| Birkenhead (1901) | 111 |
| Athens (1896) | 111 |
| Tula (1897) | 111 |
| Brünn (1900) | 110 |
| Kishinev (1897) | 109 |
| Basel (comm., 1900) | 109 |
| Utrecht (1902) | 109 |
| Kiel (1900) | 108 |
| Reims (1901) | 108 |
| Krefeld (1900) | 107 |
| Derby (1901) | 106 |
| Kassel (1900) | 106 |
| Halifax (1901) | 105 |
| Nice (1901) | 105 |
| Southampton (1901) | 105 |
| Nancy (1901) | 103 |
| Szeged (1900) | 103 |
| Toulon (1901) | 102 |
| Cartagena (1900) | 100 |
|
Comm. = commune. |
|
w. subs. = with suburbs. |
|
* In 1800 only those to which an asterisk is prefixed rose above 100,000. Thirty-four out of the 144 towns enumerated in the list above belong to the British Isles. |
|
† The contiguous parliamentary boroughs of Birmingham and Aston Manor. |
|
‡ Part of Greater London. |
Authorities.—Elisée Reclus, vols. i. to v. of Nouvelle Géographie universelle (Paris, 1876-1880), translated by E. G. Ravenstein and A.H. Keane (vol. i. Southern Europe, vol. ii. France and Switzerland, vol. iii. Austria-Hungary, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, vol. iv. The British Isles, vol. v. Scandinavia, Russia in Europe, and the European islands, translation undated); G. G. Chisholm, “Europe” (2 vols.) in Stanford’s Compendium of Geography and Travel (London, 1899, 1902); Kirchhoff and others, Die Länderkunde des Erdteils Europa, vols. ii. and iii. of Unser Wissen von der Erde (comprising all the countries of Europe except Russia) (Vienna, &c., 1887-1893); A. Philippson and L. Neumann, Europa, eine allgemeine Länderkunde (Leipzig, 1895, 2nd edition by A. Philippson, 1906); Joseph Partsch, Central Europe (London, 1903) (embraces Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Rumania, Servia, Bulgaria and Montenegro treated from a general point of view); Joseph Partsch, Mitteleuropa (Gotha, 1904) (the same work in German, extended and furnished with additional coloured maps); M. Fallex and A. Moirey, L’Europe moins la France (Paris, 1906) (no index); A. Hettner, Europa (Leipzig, 1907) (an important feature of this work is the division of Europe into natural regions); Vidal de la Blache, Tableau de la géographie de la France (Paris, 1903) (contains a most instructive map embracing western and central Europe to about 42° N. and 24°-26° E., showing the former extent of forest, the distribution of soils earliest fit for cultivation, of littoral alluvium and of the mines of salt and tin which were so important in early European commerce); H.B. George, The Relations of Geography and History (Oxford, 1901) (deals very largely
- ↑ Taken from a paper by Professor Voeikov on “Verteilung der Bevölkerung auf der Erde unter dem Einfluss der Naturverhältnisse und der menschlichen Tatigkeit,” in Petermanns Mitteil. (1906), p. 249, where corresponding figures are given for other parts of the world.
- ↑ Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver, Moscow, Yaroslav, Kostromer and Vladimir.
- ↑ Kursk, Orel, Tula, Ryazan, Tambov, Voronezh and Penza.
- ↑ Nizhniy Novgorod, Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, Saratov and Astrakhan.
- ↑ Bessarabia, Kherson, Taurida, Ekaterinoslav and Don Province.