Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Volume XXIII

	Volume XXIII T - Upsala
Ta - Te	Th - Tl	To - Ts	Tu - U
T, the twentieth letter of the alphabet. Tabarí, Arab historian. Tabernacle, of Scripture. Tabernacles, Feast of, Jewish. Tables, Mathematical. Taboo, Tabu, or Tapu, system of religious prohibitions. Tabriz, or Tabreez, town, Persia. Tacitus, Roman historian. Tacitus, M. Claudius, Roman emperor. Tactics, Military (See War). Tadmor (Palmyra, q.v.), ancient town, Syria. Tafilelt, oasis. Taganrog, town, Russia. Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, Bolognese surgeon. Taglioni, Marie, Italian ballet-dancer. Tagus, river, Spain and Portugal. Tahiti Archipelago, Pacific Ocean. Taiwan (Formosa, q.v.), island, China. Tajaks, or Tajiks, races of people, Asia. Taka, region, Nubia (q.v.). Talavera de la Reina, town, Spain. Talbot, Family of, English aristocracy. Talbot, William Henry Fox, English scientist and archæologist. Talc, mineral (See Geology and Mineralogy). Talca, town, Chili. Talent, ancient measure of weight (See Numismatics). Tales, or Stories. Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, English judge and dramatic writer. Talisman (Amulet, q.v.). Tallage, or Talliage, English tax. Talleyrand de Périgord, Charles Maurice, French politician. Tallien, Jean Lambert, French Revolutionist. Tallis, or Tallys, Thomas, English musical composer. Tallow, animal fat. Tallow Oils (See Oils). Talma, Joseph François, French tragedian. Talmud, in Jewish literature. Tam, Rabbenu, rabbinic scholar. Tamaqua, town, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Tamarind, fruit. Tamarisk, shrub. Tamboff, government, Russia. Tamboff, town, Russia. Tamerlane (Timur, q.v.), Mongol conqueror. Tamils, people of India. Tamworth, town, England. Tanager, bird. Tancred, crusader. Tancred, king of Sicily. Tanganyika, Lake, Central Africa. Tangiers, or Tangier, town, Morocco. Tanhäuser, or Tannhäuser, of German legend. Tanjore, district, India. Tanjore, town, India. Tannahill, Robert, Scottish poet. Tannin, tanning substances. Tanning, of leather (q.v.). Tantalum, chemical element. Tantalus, of Greek mythology. Taoism, or Taouism, Chinese religion (See Lao-tsze). Taormina, town, Sicily. Tapaculo, bird. Tapestry, ornamental textile (q.v.). Tape-Worms. Tapioca, article of food. Tapir, ungulate mammal. Tar. Tarai, district, India. Taranto (Tarentum, q.v.), town, Italy. Tarantula, spider. Tarare, town, France. Tarascon, town, France. Taraxacum, genus of plants. Tarbes, town, France. Tarentum, ancient town, Italy. Tares, or Vetches, forage crop (See Agriculture). Targum, in Jewish literature. Tarifa, town, Spain. Tarn, department, France. Tarn-et-Garonne, department, France. Tarnopol, town, Galicia, Austria. Tarpaulin, waterproof material. Tarquinii, Etruscan town, Italy (See Etruria). Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, Roman king. Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, Roman king. Tarragona, province, Spain. Tarragona, town, Spain. Tarshish, Phœnician colony (See Phoenicia). Tarsus, ancient town, Asia Minor. Tartaglia, or Tartalea, Niccolò, Italian mathematician. Tartan, chequered cloth. Tartaric Acid. Tartars, or Tatars, Ural-Altaic people. Tartarus, of Greek mythology. Tartini, Giuseppe, Italian violinist and composer. Tarudant, town, Morocco (q.v.). Tashkend, town, Central Asia. Tasman, Abel Janszen, Dutch navigator. Tasmania, island, Australasia. Tassie, James, Scottish gem-engraver. Tassie, William, gem-engraver. Tasso, Torquato, Italian poet. Tassoni, Alessandro, Italian poet. Taste, Sense of. Tatars, or Tartars (q.v.), Ural-Altaic people. Tate, Nahum, English hymn-writer. Tatian, Christian apologist. Tatius, Achilles, Alexandrian romance-writer (See Romance). Tauler, Johann, German mystic. Taunton, town, England. Taunton, town, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Taurida, government, Russia. Tauromenium (Taormina, q.v.), ancient town, Sicily. Taurus, mountains, Asia Minor (q.v.). Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, French Oriental traveller. Tavira, town, Portugal. Tavistock, town, England. Tavoy, district, Burmah. Tawing, of leather (q.v.). Taxation. Taxidermy. Taxila, ancient town, India (See Rawal Pindi). Tay, river, Scotland. Taylor, Bayard, American writer. Taylor, Brook, English mathematician. Taylor, Sir Henry, English poet and colonial statesman. Taylor, Isaac, English theological and philosophical writer. Taylor, Jeremy, English preacher and theologian. Taylor, John, English poet. Taylor, Tom, English dramatist and art critic. Taylor, Zachary, president of the United States. Tchad, Lake, Soudan (q.v.), Africa (q.v.). Tcheremisses, or Cheremisses, Ural-Altaic people (See Finland and Russia). Tcherkasy, or Czerkasy, town, Russia. Tchernigoff, government, Russia. Tchernigoff, town, Russia. Tchernomorsk, government, Russia. Tchistopol, town, Russia. Tchita, town, Transbaikalia, Russia. Tea. Teak, tree. Teal, bird. Technical Education. Teeth (See Mammalia, Digestive Organs, Ivory, and Dentistry). Tegea, ancient town, Greece. Tegnér, Esaias, Swedish writer. Teheran, or Tehran, town, Persia. Tehuantepec, isthmus and town, Mexico. Teignmouth, town, England. Teinds, in Scots law (See Tithes). Telegraph. Telemeter, or Rangefinder. Telephone. Telescope. Telesphorus, bishop of Rome. Telford, Thomas, Scottish civil engineer. Tell, William, Swiss hero. Teller, Wilhelm Abraham, German rationalist. Tellez, Gabriel (Tirso de Molina), Spanish dramatist. Tellicherri, town, India. Tellurium, chemical element (See Selenium and Tellurium). Telpherage, mode of electrical traction (q.v.). Temesvár, town, Hungary. Temminck, Konrad Jacob, Dutch ornithologist. Tempe, Vale of, Greece (See Thessaly). Tempera, or Distemper, method of painting. Temperance Societies. Templars, Knights, military order. Temple, or Temples, places of worship. Temple, Sir William, English diplomatist and writer. Tenant (See Landlord and Tenant). Tenasserim, division, Burmah. Tenby, town, Wales. Tench, fish. Tender, Legal, of payment (q.v.). Teneriffe, one of the Canary Islands (q.v.). Teniers, David, Flemish painter. Tenimber. See (Timor Laut, q.v.), island, Indian Archipelago. Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury. Tennant, William, Scottish poet. Tennent, Sir James Emerson, English politician and traveller. Tennessee, 3rd of the United States of North America. Tennis, game. Tennis, Lawn, game. Tent. Teplitz, or Töplitz, town and spa, Bohemia. Teramo, town, Italy. Teraphim, of Scripture. Terburg, Gerard, Dutch painter. Terceira, island, Azores (q.v.). Teredo, genus of Mollusca. Terek, Russian government of Caucasia. Terence, Roman dramatist. Teresa, St. (Theresa, St., q.v.). Terlizzi, town, Italy. Term, in law. Termini, or Termini Imerese, town, Sicily. Termites, or White Ants (See Ant). Termonde (Dendermonde, q.v.), town, Belgium. Tern, sea bird. Ternate, island, Indian Archipelago. Terni, town, Italy. Terpander, Lesbian poet and musician. Terracina, town, Italy. Terra-Cotta, decorative clay-work. Terranova, town, Sicily. Terrapin (Tortoise, q.v.), reptile. Terre Haute, town, Indiana, U.S.A. Tersteegen, Gerhard, German religious writer. Tertiaries, order of monks and nuns (See Franciscans). Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus), early church writer. Terudant, town, Morocco (q.v.). Teruel, province, Spain. Teruel, town, Spain. Teschen, town, Austria. Tessin (Ticino, q.v.), canton, Switzerland. Test Acts, English. Testament (Will, q.v.), in law. Testimony, Probability of (See Evidence). Tetanus, disease. Tetrarch, ancient ruler's title. Tetuan, town, Morocco. Teutones, German tribe. Teutonic Languages. Teutonic Order, of Knights. Tewkesbury, town, England. Texas, State, U.S.A. Textiles, woven fabrics. Teza, or Taza, town, Morocco (q.v.).	Thackeray, William Makepeace, English novelist and critic. Thalberg, Sigismond, Italian pianist and composer. Thales of Miletus, Greek astronomer and philosopher. Thallium, chemical element. Thames, river, England. Thána or Tannah, district, India. Thana, town, India. Thane, or Thegns, early English nobility. Thapsacus (Tiphsah), Mesopotamia (q.v.), Crossing of Euphrates at. Thar and Parkar, or Thur and Parker, district, India. Tharrawaddy, district, Burmah. Thasos, island, Ægean. Thayetmyo, district, Burmah. Theatre. Thebes, town, Egypt (q.v.). Thebes, town, Greece. Thecla, St. Theft, in law. Theism. Themis, in Greek mythology. Themistius, Byzantine rhetorician. Themistocles, Greek general. Thénard, Louis Jacques, French chemist. Theobald, Lewis, English playwright. Theocritus, Greek pastoral poet. Theodolite, its use in surveying (q.v.). Theodora, wife of the emperor Justinian. Theodore of Mopsuestia, early Christian writer. Theodore I.–II., popes. Theodoret, bishop of Cyprus. Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. Theodosia, Russian seaport. Theodosius I., Roman emperor. Theodosius II., Roman emperor. Theodosius III., Roman emperor. Theodosius of Tripoli, Greek geometer and astronomer. Theognis of Megara, Greek geometer and astronomer. Theology. Theophilus. Theophrastus. Theophylact. Theophylact of Simocatta. Theopompus, ,Greek historian and rhetorician. Theorbo. See Lute. Theosophy. Thera, Ægean island. Theramenes, Greek conspirator. Theraputæ. See Monachism. Theresa, St, Spanish saint. Theresiopel or Theresienstadt. See Szabadka. Thermal Springs. See Geology and Mineral Waters. Thermodynamics. Thermoelectricity. (See Electricity). Thermometer. Théroigne de Méricourt, Anne Joseph. Theseus, of Greek legend. Thesmophoria, ancient Greek festival. Thesplæ, ancient Greek festival. Thessalonians, Epistles to the, of St. Paul. Thessalonica. See Salonica. Thessaly, Greek district. Thetford, English town. Thevenot, Jean de, French traveller. Thian-Sian or Celestial Mountains. See Asia, Syr-Daria and Turkestan Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, German jurist. Thibet. See Tibet. Thielt, Belgian town. Thierry, French historian brothers. Thiers, French town. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, French writer and statesman. Thirlwall, Connop, English bishop. Thirsk, English town. Thistle, plant. Thistle, Order of the. See Knighthood Thistlewood Conspiracy, revolutionary plot. Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu, German theologian. Thomas, St, apostle. Thomas, St, of Aquino. See Aquinas. Thomas Becket or A Becket. See À Becket. Thomas of Celano, biographer of St Francis of Assisi. Thomas of Erceldoune, Scottish poet. Thomas A Kempis. See Kempis. Thomasius, Christian, German jurist. Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rumford, Americian polymath. Thompson, Thomas Peronnet, English mathematician. Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, Scottish natural historian. Thomson, James (1700-1748), Scottish writer. Thomson, James (1834-1882), Scottish writer. Thomson, John, Scottish painter. Thor. See Æsir and Mythology. Thoreau, Henry David, American writer. Thorium, chemical element. Thorn, town, West Prussia. Thornback, fish. Thornhill, Sir James, English painter. Thorwaldsen, Bertel, Danish sculptor. Thou, Jacques August de, French historian. Thousand and One Nights, Arabic tales. Thrace, Roman province. Thrale. See Piozzi. Thrasybulus, Greek soldier. Threadworms. See Nematoidia. Three Rivers, Canadian city. Throat Diseases. Throndhjem, Norwegian city. Thrush, bird. Thucydides, Greek historian. Thugs, Indian assassins. Thugut, Franz Maria von, Austrian statesman. Thule, northern lands. Thümmel, Moritz August von, German writer. Thunberg, Carl Peter, Swedish botanist and traveller. Thunderstorm, meteorological phenomenon. Thún-Khwa or Thonegwa, Burmese region. Thurgau or Thurgovia, Swiss canton. Thurii or Thurium, city of Magna Gæcia. Thuringia, German region. Thuringorum Lex. See Salic Law. Thurles, Irish town. Thurlow, Edward Thurlow, Baron, English lawyer. Thurso, Scottish town. Thyme, herb. Tibbus or Tubus, North African people. Tiber. See Italy vol, xiii. pp. 438-439. Tiberias, Palestinian city. Tiberius, Roman emperor. Tibet, Asian country. Tibullus, Albius, Roman poet. Tibur. See Tivoli. Tic Douloureux. See Neuralgia. Ticino or Tessin, Swiss canton. Tick. See Mite. Tickell, Thomas, English writer. Ticknor, George, American historian. Ticonderoga, American town. Tides. Tidor or Tidore, East Indian island. Tieck, Ludwig, German writer. Tiedemann, Friedrich, German anatomist. T'ientsin, town, China. Tierney, George, English politician. Tierra del Fuego, archipelago, South America. Tiffin, US city. Tiflis, Russian city. Tiger, big cat. Tiger cat. See Ocelot. Tigranes or Dikran, Armenian kings. Tigris, river, Asia. Tilburg or Tilborg, town, Holland. Tilden, Samuel Jones, American statesman. Tiles, roof, wall and floor covering. Tillemont, Sébastien le Nain de, French historian. Tillotson, John, Archbishop of Canturbury. Tilly, Johann Tserclaes, Count of, general, Low Countries Tilsit, East Prussian town. Timber. See Building, Forests, Strength of Materials; also Fir, Oak, Pine, Teak, &c. Timbuktu, or Timbuctoo, town, French Sudan. Time, Measurement of Timoleon, Greek Timon of Athens, Greek misanthrope. Timon of Phlius, Greek philosopher. Timor, island, East Indies. Timor Laut, archpelago, East Indies. Timotheus(1.), Greek general. Timotheus(2.), Greek musician and poet. Timothy. Timur, Oriental conqueror. Tin, element. Tinamou, bird. Tindal, Matthew, English deist. Tinghae. See Chusan. Tinné, Alexandrine, Dutch traveller. Tinnevelli or Tinavelly, Indian district. Tinnevelli, chief town of the above. Tintoretto. See Robusti. Tipperah, Indian district. Tipperary, Irish county. Tipperary, chief town of the above. Tippoo Sahib, Indian sultan. Tipton, English town. Tiraboschi, Girolamo, Italian historian. Tiresias, Greek seer. Tirhut or Tirhoot, Indian district. Tirlemont, Belgian town. Tiryns, Greek city. Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstantin, German critic. Tisio or Tisi, Benvenuto, Italian painter. Titanium, element. Titans, mythological beings. Tithes, religious tribute. Tithonus, mythological Greek. Titian, Italian painter. Titles of Honour, denominators of rank. Titmouse, bird. Titus, Roman emperor. Titus, companion of St. Paul. Titus, Epistle to. See Pastoral Epistles Titusville, American town. Tiumen. See Tyumen. Tiverton, English borough. Tivoli, Italian town. Tlaxcala, Mexican city. Tlemcen or Tilimsán, Algerian town.	Toad, amphibian. Tobacco, plant. Tobago, West Indian island. Tobit, The Book of, Old Testament apocrypha. Tobolsk, government of Western Siberia. Tobolsk, capital of the above. Tocqueville, Alexis Henri Charles Chérel, Comte de, French statesman. Todas. See Niligri Hills vol, xvii. pp. 509. Todleben, Eduard Ivanovich, Russian general. Todmorden, English town. Tody, bird. Toga. ⁠See Costume vol. vi. p. 456. Togo-land, German protectorate, Africa. Tokat, Turkish town. Tokay, Hungarian town. Tokio, Japanese capital. Toland, John, Irish deist. Toledo, Spanish province. Toledo, capital of the above. Toledo, city, Ohio, U.S.A. Toll, payment for use and enjoyment of a privilege. Toluca, Mexican city. Tomato. ⁠See Horticulture vol. xii. p. 288. Tompa, Mihály, Hungarian poet. Tomsk, government of western Siberia. Tomsk, capital of the above. Tonga.⁠See Friendly Islands Tong-King, region of Annam. Tongue. ⁠See Anatomy vol. i. p. 895, and Taste. Tonnage, basis of shipping charges. Tonnage and Poundage, ancient customs charges. Tonqua Bean, seed of South American tree. Tonquin. See Tong-King. Tonsillitis. See Throat Diseases. Tonsure, Catholic priestly induction. Tontine, life insurance scheme. Tooke, John Horne, English politician and philologist. Topaz, mineral. Topeka, town, Kansas, U.S.A. Torcello, Venetian island. Torgau, Prussian town. Toronto, Canadian city. Torpedo, underwater weapon. Torquatus. See Manlius. Torquay, English town. Torquemada, Juan de, Dominican cardinal. Torquemada, Tomas de, Dominican inquisitor-general. Torre Annunziata, Italian town. Torre Del Greco, Italian town. Torrey, John, American botanist. Torricelli, Evangelista, Italian physicist and mathematician. Torrigiano, Pietro, Florentine sculptor. Torshok, Russian town. Tort, aspect of civil law. Tortoise, reptile. Tortoiseshell, epidermic plates of the Hawksbill turtle. Tortola. See Virgin Islands. Tortona, Italian town. Tortosa, Spanish city. Torture Tory Totemism Totila. See Justinian and Narses Tottenham, London suburb Toucan, bird Touch, sense Toul, French town Toulon, French fortress Toulouse, French town Toung-Ngú, Burmese region Tour, Maurice Quentin de la, French artist Touraco, bird Tourcoing, French town Tourguenieff, Ivan, Russian author Tourmaline. See Electricity vol. xiii. p. 99, Geology vol. x. p. 228 and Mineralogy vol. xvi. p. 409. Tournai, Belgian town Tournaments Tournebout, woodwind instrument Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, French botanist Tourneur, Cyril, French poet Tours, French town Toussaint Louverture, Pierre Dominique, Haytian liberator. Town, Township. (See Borough, City, Municipality, and United States). Townshend, Second Viscount, English statesman. Townshend, Charles, English politician. Toxicology. (See Poisons) Trachis, ancient Greek city. Tract Societies, religious book publishig associations. Traction, Electric Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de, English statesman. Trade, Board of Trade-marks, mark denoting the goods of a particular trader. Trade Unions, workers organisation. Tragedy. See Drama. Trajan, 14th Roman Emperor. Tralee, Irish town. Tramway, means of transportation. Trance. See Sleep; also Magnetism (Animal) Trani, Italian seaport. Tranquebar, Indian seaport. Transbaikalia, Siberian region. Transcaspian Region, Siberian region. Transcaucasia, region of Russian empire. Transit Circle, astronomical instrument. Transmigration. See Metempsychosis. Transportation. See Prison Discipline. Transubstantiation. See Eucharist. Transvaal, South African country. Transverse Flute, musical instrument. Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian principality. Trapani, Italian seaport. Trappists, religious order. Tras-Os-Montes, Portuguese region. Travancore, Indian state. Trawling. See Fisheries. Treason, criminal offence. Treasure-Trove, found hidden hoard of valuables. Treaties, contracts between states. Trebizond, city of Asia Minor. Tredegar, English town. Tree-creeper, bird. Tree-fern, plant. Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux, English quaker biblical scholar. Trematoda, flat-worms. Trench, Richard Chenevix, Irish archbishop. Trenck, German barons. Trenck, Baron von der Trenck Trenck, Freiherr von der Trenke Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, German Aristotelian scholar. Trent, Austrian town. Trent, The Council of, Church council. Trenton, town, New Jersey, U.S.A. Trepang. See Bêche-de-Mer. Trespass, legal term. Treves, Prussian town. Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold, German naturalist. Treviso, Italian town. Trevithick, Richard, inventor of steam locomotive. Trial, examination of a case before a court. Tribonian, Roman jurist. Tribune, Roman officers. Trichins, Trichinosis. See Nematoidea, and Parasitism vol. xviii. p. 270 Trichinopoli, district, British India. Tric-Trac. See Backgammon vol. iii. p. 199 Tricycle, velocipede. Trieste, town, Austro-Hungary. Trigger-Fish. See File-Fish. Trigonometry, branch of mathematics. Trilobites. See Crustacea vol. vi. p. 659 sq. Trincomalee, town, Ceylon. Trinidad, island, West Indies. Trinitarians, religious order. Trinity House, Corporation of, association of English mariners. Trinity Sunday, religious festival. Tripoli(1.), north African state. Tripoli(2.), capital of the above.. Tripoli(3.), town, Syria. Tripolitza, town, Greece. Trismegistus. See Hermes Trismegistus. Tristan. See Romance vol. xx. p. 644 sq. Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic islands. Triton, amphibia. Triumph, Roman honour. Trivandrum, town, India. Troad and Troy, lands, Asia Minor. Troglodytes, cave dwellers. Trogon, bird. Trogus, Cn. Pompeius, Roman historian. Troitsk, town, Russia. Trollope, Anthony, English novelist. Trombone, brass instrument. Tromp, Dutch admirals. Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon Tromp, Cornelius Tromso, Norwegian town. Trondhjem. See Throndhjem. Tropic-Bird, bird. Troppau, town, Austrian Silesia. Trotzendorff, Valentin Friedland, town, Austrian Silesia. Troubadours. See Provençal Literature vol. xx. p. 873. and France vol. ix. p. 646. Troughton, Edward, English instrument maker. Trout. See Salmonidæ; also Angling vol. ii. p. 41. Trouville, French town. Trover, action in English law. Trowbridge, English town. Troy(1.), see Troad. Troy(2.), town, New York state, U.S.A. Troy, Jean François de, French painter. Troy, West, see West Troy. Troyes, French town. Troyes, Chrestien de. See Chrestien de Troyes, and Romance vol. xx. p. 645. Truce of God, Roman justice. Truck System. See Labour vol. xiv. p. 172. and Wages. Truffle, subterranean fungi. Trumbull, surname of various persons of note in American literature, art and politics. Trumbull, Benjamin, author and minister. Trumbull, John, author and lawyer. Trumbull, John, painter. Trumbull, Jonathan, Connecticut governor. Trumbull, Jonathan, member of Congress. Trumpet, brass instrument. Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing, hearing aid. Trumpeter, or Trumpet-Bird. Truro, English town. Trust, legal relation between two or more persons. Tsaritsyn, Russian town. Tsarskoye Selo, Russian town. Tschudi, Swiss family. Tse-nan Foo, Chinese family. Tsetse fly, insect.	Tuam, Irish town. Tuamotu Archipelago, pacific islands. Tubercle. See Pathology vol. xviii. p. 405 and Phthisis. Tuberose, Mexican plant. Tübingen, German town. Tucker, Abraham, English moralist. Tucker, Josiah, English political economist. Tucson, town, Arizona, U.S.A. Tucuman, Argentinian town. Tudela, Spanish city. Tudor, House of.⁠See Henry VII. and Lancaster, House of vol. xiv. p. 257\|1}} Tuke, Samuel, English philanthropist. Tuke, William, English philanthropist. Tuke, Henry, son of William, father of Samuel. Tula(1.), government, Russia. Tula(2.), capital of the above. Tulip, flower. Tulle(1.), French town. Tulle(2.), silk netting. Tulloch, John, Scottish theologian. Tullus Hostilius, legendary king of Rome. Tumkur, district, India. Tumour.⁠See Pathology vol. xviii. p. 367, and Surgery vol. xxii. p. 687 Tumulus.⁠See Architecture vol. ii. p. 384, and Barrows vol. iii. p. 397 Tunbridge, or Tonbridge, English town. Tunbridge Wells, English town. T'ung-Chow, city, China. Tungsten, metallic element. Tunguses, Asiatic people. Tunicata, animal group. Tuning Fork, instrument tuning tool. Tunis, Regency of, French African dependency. Tunis, capital of the above. Tunnelling, Tunny, fish Tunstall, English town. Turanian Turbine.⁠See Hydromechanics vol. xii. p. 524 Turbot, fish. Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de, French general. Turgai, province, central Russia. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Marquis de l'Aulne, French statesman and economist. Turin, city, Italy. Turkestan, central Asia. Turkey(1.),country, Asia. Turkey(2.),bird. Turks, asian people Turmeric, spice plant. Turner, Charles, English engraver. Turner, Joseph Mallord William, English painter. Turnhout, town, Belgium. Turning, see Lathe. Turnip, see Agriculture vol. i. pp. 365-368, and Horticulture vol. xii. p. 288. Turnip Fly, insect. Turnstone, sea bird. Turpentine, chemical. Turpin, archbishop of Rheims. Turquoise, blue or bluish green mineral,. Turretin, surname of three Swiss theologians. Turretin, Benoit, professor of theology. Turretin, François, son of Benoit. Turretin, Jean Alphonse, son of François. Turtle, see Tortoise. Tuscany, a compartimenti of the kingdom of Italy. Tusculum, ancient city, Italy. Tusser, Thomas, English poet. Tver(1.), government, Russia. Tver(2.), capital of the above. Tweed, Scottish river. Tweeds, see Woollen and Worsted Manufactures. Twelve Tables, see Roman Law vol. xx. p. 679 sq., and Rome vol. xx. p. 737. Twenty-Four Pargánas, district, Bengal, India. Twickenham, town, England. Twilight, the light of the sky. Tycho Brahe, see Brahe. Tyldesley with Shakerley, town, England. Tyler, John, president of the United States. Tyndale, William, English bible translator. Tyne, river, England. Tynemouth, municipal and parliamentary borough, England. Type-founding, see Typography. Type-writing, see Writing Machines. Typhon, character of Greek legend. Typhus, Typhoid, and Relapsing Fevers, a class of continued fevers. Typography, art of printing with cast-metal movable type. Tyr, see Æsir vol. i. p. 211 Tyre, Phoenician city. Tyrol, province, Austria. Tyrone, county, Ireland. Tyrtaeus, Greek elegiac poet. Tytler, surname of three Scottish writers. Tytler, Alexander Fraser, son of William. Tytler, Patrick Fraser, grandson of William. Tytler, William, writer on historical and antiquarian subjects. U, 21st letter of the alphabet. Ubeda, town, Spain. Udaipur, state, India. Udal, Scottish land rights. Udall, Nicholas, English writer. Udine, Italian town. Ueberweg, Friedrich, German historian. Ufa, government, Russia. Ufa, capital city of the above. Uganda, country, Africa. Uglitch, district, Russia. Ugolino.⁠See Gherardesca and Pisa Ugrians.⁠See Finland vol. ix. p. 219 Uhland, Johann Ludwig, German poet. Ujiji, Central African town. Ujjain, town, India. Ukraine, district of European Russia. Ulcer.⁠See Surgery vol. xxii. p. 683 Ulfilas, Christian apostle. Ulm, German town. Ulpianus, Domitius, Roman jurist. Ulrici, Hermann, German philosopher. Ulster.⁠See Ireland. Ultramarine, blue pigment. Ulugh Beg, Mirza Mohammed Ben Shah Rok, Asian astronomer. Ulverston, English town. Ulwar.⁠See Alwar. Ulysses.⁠See Odysseus. Umañ, town, Russia. Umballa.⁠See Ambálá. Umber.⁠See Pigments. Umbrella, portable protector from rain. Umbria, Italian region. Ummerapoora.⁠See Amarapura. Unao, British district, India. Undulatory Theory.⁠See Optics and Wave Theory Ungvar, town, Hungary. Unicorn, mythical creature. Unitarianism, post-Reformation theology. Unitas Fratrum.⁠See Moravian Brethren. United Brethren in Christ, protestant church, USA. United Kingdom, The, of Great Britain and Ireland, official title applied to England, Scotland, and Ireland. United Presbyterian Church, The, third largest Scottish Presbyterian organisation. United Provinces.⁠See Holland United States, of America. Allen, Ethan, American patriot. Andrew, John Albion, governor of Masschusetts. Arnold, Benedict, American adventurer. Arthur, Chester Alan, president of the United States. Bell, John, American politican. Benton, Thomas Hart, American politician. Boone, Daniel, American pioneer. Bragg, Braxton, American general. Breckinridge, John Cabell, American politician. Buckingham, William Alfred, governor of Connecticut, U.S.A. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, American general. Burr, Aaron, vice-president of the United States. Colfax, Schuyler, vice-president of the United States. Crawford, William Harris, American statesman. Garfield, James Abram, president of the United States. Grant, Ulysses S., general and president of the United States. Hancock, Winfield Scott, American general. Hendricks, Thomas A., vice-president of the United States. Hood, John Bell, American general. Hull, Isaac, American naval officer. Knox, Henry, American Revolutionary general. Lawrence, James, American naval officer. M‘Clellan, George B., American general. Marcy, William L., American politician. Mason, George, Ameican politician. Meade, George G., American general. Montgomery, Richard, American revolutionary general. Morgan, Edwin D., American politician. Morton, Oliver P., American politician. Pinckney, Charles, American statesman. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, American statesman. Pulaski, or Pulawski, Casimir, Polish patriot. Putnam, Israel, American revolutionary officer. Schuyler, Philip, American revolutionary general. Seymour, Horatio, American politician. Steuben, Baron von, German-American general. Sumter, Thomas, American politician. Taney, Roger B., American judge and financier. Thomas, George H., American general. Wheeler, William A., vice-president of the United States. Woodbury, Levi, American politician and judge. Universalist Church, church, USA. Universities, educational establishments. Unterwalden, canton, Switzerland. Unyoro, kingdom, Central Africa. Upanishads, see Sanskrit vol. xxi. p. 280., and Brahmanism Upas, poison. Upper Sind Frontier, districts, British India. Upsala, city, Sweden.

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