wḏ

Egyptian

2-lit.

Conjugation of wḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: wḏ, geminated stem: wḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
wḏ	wḏw, wḏ	wḏt	wḏ, j.wḏ	wḏ, j.wḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
wḏ	ḥr wḏ	m wḏ	r wḏ

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	wḏ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	wḏ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	wḏ	wḏḏ, wḏḏj⁶, wḏ², wḏw^{2 5}, wḏy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.wḏ¹, wḏ, wḏy, wḏw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.wḏ¹, j.wḏw^{1 5}, wḏ, wḏj⁶, wḏy⁶	wḏ, wḏw⁵
prospective	wḏ, wḏtj⁷	—	wḏtj⁴, wḏt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wḏ

wḏ

m

Declension of wḏ (masculine)

m

Declension of wḏ (masculine)

Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 36, 171, 231, 299, 313
Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 70

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