caledu

Welsh

Alternative forms

caledaf
caledo
cledo

Etymology

From caled (“hard; rough, cruel, unfeeling, sore, severe, hard to bear; strict, strait; stingy, niggardly, illiberal, thrifty; obstinate; abstruse, difficult, hard; hardy, tough; voiceless”, adjective).

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /kaˈlɛdɨ̞/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /kaˈleːdi/, /kaˈlɛdi/

Verb

caledu (first-person singular present caledaf) (transitive, intransitive)

to harden (become hardened), dry
1. (figuratively) to grow unfeeling or stubborn, render hard or obdurate
(grammar, phonology, of consonant) to harden, pronounce as voiceless
to grow stingy or niggardly
to become costive or constipated, constipate
to temper (iron, steel)

Conjugation

Conjugation (colloquial)

Inflected colloquial forms	singular			plural
Inflected colloquial forms	first	second	third	first	second	third
future	caleda i, caledaf i	caledi di	caledith o/e/hi, calediff e/hi	caledwn ni	caledwch chi	caledan nhw
conditional	caledwn i, caledswn i	caledet ti, caledset ti	caledai fo/fe/hi, caledsai fo/fe/hi	caleden ni, caledsen ni	caledech chi, caledsech chi	caleden nhw, caledsen nhw
preterite	caledais i, caledes i	caledaist ti, caledest ti	caledodd o/e/hi	caledon ni	caledoch chi	caledon nhw
imperative	—	caleda	—	—	caledwch	—
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
caledu	galedu	nghaledu	chaledu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

“caledaf”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, 2014

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