arduus

Latin

Etymology

From a Proto-Italic *arðwos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰwós (whence also Old Irish ard and Welsh ardd), from *h₃erdʰ- + *-wós (whence Latin -uus).

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈar.du.us/, [ˈar.dʊ.ʊs]

Adjective

arduus (feminine ardua, neuter arduum); first/second declension

lofty, high, steep, tall, elevated
hard to reach, difficult, laborious, arduous
Nihil mortalibus arduum est.
Nothing is hard for mortals. (Horace)

Inflection

First/second declension.

Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Number	Singular			Plural
nominative	arduus	ardua	arduum	arduī	arduae	ardua
genitive	arduī	arduae	arduī	arduōrum	arduārum	arduōrum
dative	arduō	arduae	arduō	arduīs
accusative	arduum	arduam	arduum	arduōs	arduās	ardua
ablative	arduō	arduā	arduō	arduīs
vocative	ardue	ardua	arduum	arduī	arduae	ardua

Derived terms

arduitās

Descendants

Catalan: ardu
English: arduous
French: ardu

Galician: arduo, ardego
Italian: arduo
Portuguese: árduo
Spanish: arduo

References

arduus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
arduus in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
arduus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français, Hachette

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