ꜣd

Egyptian

2-lit.

Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜣd	ꜣdw, ꜣd	ꜣdt	ꜣd, j.ꜣd	ꜣd, j.ꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜣd	ḥr ꜣd	m ꜣd	r ꜣd

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜣd.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	ꜣd	active + .tj¹, .tw²	ꜣd	ꜣdd, ꜣddj⁶, ꜣd², ꜣdw^{2 5}, ꜣdy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.ꜣd¹, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	j.ꜣd¹, j.ꜣdw^{1 5}, ꜣd, ꜣdj⁶, ꜣdy⁶	ꜣd, ꜣdw⁵
prospective	ꜣd, ꜣdtj⁷	—	ꜣdtj⁴, ꜣdt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

m

Declension of ꜣd (masculine)

2-lit.

Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
ꜣd	ꜣdw, ꜣd	ꜣdt	ꜣd, j.ꜣd	ꜣd, j.ꜣd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
ꜣd	ḥr ꜣd	m ꜣd	r ꜣd

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
aspect / mood	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜣd.n	—	—
perfective	ꜣd	ꜣd	ꜣdd, ꜣddj⁶, ꜣd², ꜣdw^{2 5}, ꜣdy^{2 5}
imperfective	j.ꜣd¹, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw⁵	j.ꜣd¹, j.ꜣdw^{1 5}, ꜣd, ꜣdj⁶, ꜣdy⁶	ꜣd, ꜣdw⁵
prospective	ꜣd, ꜣdtj⁷	ꜣdtj⁴, ꜣdt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Allen, James (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, revised second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 174, 276, 455
Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242

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