под-

Alternative forms

• подо- (podo-) (before certain consonant clusters)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-; see *podъ for further information.

Pronunciation

• под-: IPA^(key): [pəd] (before vowels and voiced consonants)
• под-: IPA^(key): [pət] (before voiceless consonants)
• по́д-: IPA^(key): [ˈpod] (when stressed, before vowels and voiced consonants)
• по́д-: IPA^(key): [ˈpot] (when stressed, before voiceless consonants)

Prefix

под- • (pod-)

1. (used with verbs) upwards (describing an action of moving from the bottom up)

   • бро́сить ― brósitʹ ― (pf.) to throw
   • подбро́сить ― podbrósitʹ ― (pf.) to throw upwards

2. (used with verbs) closer (describing an action of approaching to an entity)

   • идти́ ― idtí ― (impf.) to go (by walking)
   • подойти́ ― podojtí ― (pf.) to walk up to, to approach (by walking)

3. (used with verbs) adding (describing an action of adding more entity)

   • бавить ― bavitʹ ― an archaic causative form of быть that depends on verbal prefixes in contemporary usage
   • подба́вить ― podbávitʹ ― (pf.) to add, replenish

4. (used with verbs) (describing a meaning that shows a finished action or an obtainment of a result)

   • стричь ― stričʹ ― (impf.) to cut
   • подстри́чь ― podstríčʹ ― (pf.) to cut
   • писа́ть ― pisátʹ ― (impf.) to write
   • подписа́ть ― podpisátʹ ― (pf.) to sign, to subscribe (in the sense of writing one's name with a result)

5. (used with verbs) (describing an action of copying or following someone's action)

   • да ― da ― yes
   • подда́кивать ― poddákivatʹ ― (impf.) to say yes, assent (in the sense echoing "yes")

6. (used with verbs) (describing an existence of the certain action that is weak, invisible, hidden or incomplete)

   • уста́ть ― ustátʹ ― (pf.) to get tired
   • подуста́ть ― podustátʹ ― (pf.) to get tired slightly or lightly
   • слать ― slatʹ ― (pf.) to send, dispatch
   • подосла́ть ― podoslátʹ ― (pf.) to send something (secretly)

Prefix

под- • (pod-)

1. (used with nouns) (resulting in nouns or adjectives; describing an existence of being under or beneath something)

   • земля́ ― zemljá ― ground
   • подзе́мный ― podzémnyj ― underground

2. (used with nouns) sub

   • гру́ппа ― grúppa ― group
   • подгру́ппа ― podgrúppa ― subgroup

3. (used with nouns) (resulting in nouns or adjectives; describing an influence under something)

   • власть ― vlastʹ ― authority, control
   • подвла́стный ― podvlástnyj ― subjected, dependant

4. (used with nouns) (resulting in nouns or adjectives; describing an existence of being around something)

   • Карпа́ты ― Karpáty ― Carpathians (mountains)
   • Подкарпа́тский ― Podkarpátskij ― Subcarpathian (cf. Подкарпатье / Subcarpathia)

5. (used with nouns) (resulting in nouns; describing a title or position below the superior)

   • ма́стер ― máster ― master
   • подмасте́рье ― podmastérʹje ― apprentice

6. (used with adjectives) (adverbs; describing completeness)

   • чи́стый ― čístyj ― clean
   • подчисту́ю ― podčistúju ― without remainder