Thompson as a taxonomic authority may refer to:

• Betty J. Thompson - U.S. entomologist
• Bruce Alan Thompson (1946-2007) - U.S. ichthyologist
• Ernest Freeman Thompson - New Zealand ichthyologist and carcinologist
• F. Christian Thompson - U.S. entomologist
• Graham J. Thompson - entomologist
• H.N. Thompson - English forester
• Henry Joseph Thompson (1921-, H.J.Thomps.) - U.S. botanist
• Ida Thompson - U.S. paleontologist
• John Thompson (fl. 1798, J.Thomps.‎) - botanist
• John Vaughan Thompson (1779-1847) - British-Australian zoologist
• Joseph Thompson - U.S. entomologist
• Joseph Cheesman Thompson (1874-1943) - U.S. zoologist
• Joy Thompson (1923-, Joy Thomps.) - botanist
• Julia Resende Thompson - Herpetologist
• Luther Thompson - U.S. bacteriologist
• Max C. Thompson - U.S. ornithologist
• Richard Thomas Thompson (1933-) - English entomologist
• Rufus Henney Thompson (1908–1980, R.H.Thomps.) - botanist, phycologist
• Thomas Everett Thompson (1933-1990) - English malacologist
• William Thompson (1805-1852) - Irish naturalist
• William Francis Thompson (1888-1965) - U.S. ichthyologist
• William Wardlaw Thompson - South African ichthyologist
• Zadock Thompson (1796-1856) - U.S. naturalist