new vi. Aristot1e’s Ethics 1 3 3

 ‘ Parts of the Soul; those states therefore are the Excellences

YQ;. of each in which each will best attain truth. fi} Commencing then from the point stated above we will III

 now speak of these Excellences again. Let those faculties

li? whereby the Soul attains truth in Aflirmation or Negation,

 be assumed to be in number five: viz. Art, Knowledge,
 Practical Wisdom, Science, Intuition (Supposition and
 ie%? l Opinion I do not include, because by these one may go

“t`i wrong).

 What Knowledge is is plain from the following considera-
 tions, if one is to speak accurately instead of being led away
 by resemblances. We all conceive that what we strictly
 speaking know cannot be otherwise than it is, because as to

I those things which can be otherwise than they are we are

 uncertain whether they are or are not the moment they

i cease to be within the sphere of our actual observa- it tion. I So then, whatever comes within the range of Knowledge », is by necessity, and therefore eternal (because all things are so which exist necessarily), and all etemal things are without beginning and indestructible. · Again, all Knowledge is thought to be capable of being taught, and what comes within its range capable of being t learned. And all teaching is based upon previous know- ledge (a statement you will find in the Analytics also); y for there are two ways of teaching, by Syllogism and by i Induction. In fact, Induction is the source of universal

 propositions, and Syllogism reasons from these universals.

j Syllogism then may reason from principles which cannot be

, themselves proved Syllogisticallyg and therefore must be

 proved by Induction.
 So Knowledge is “ a state or mental faculty apt to

ji yr demonstrate syllogistically," etc., as in the Analytics:

 because a man, strictly and properly speaking, knows, when
 he establishesihis conclusion ina certain way and the principles I
 pll, ; 1. areyknown to   for if they are not better known to him V  

{jj? y` I ` L 547 ` ’ , _