196

[JULY, 1873.

THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.

In dra, assuming the form of a Brahman, will take the part of the persecuted, and Kalkin will die in his 87th year. His son and successor D a t t a will be instructed in

the Jaina doctrine by Šakr a himself, and will, under the guidance of Prä tip a dia, build chaityas for many Arhats. He will erect also

many sanctuaries; among others also on Mount S a truijaya in Sur à sh tra, and in Aryan and non-Aryan Indian countries he will every where cause temples to be built for the Jainas, according to the instructions of his guru or spiritual teacher.

protected them.

According to the chronology

of the Satruijayamāhātmya, Kalk in was born 1914 years after the death of Vira ; this event is placed 947 years before the reign of Silā dity at.

As, according to the statement of

Dh a n e S v ar a, this monarch began his reign A. D. 555, the appearance of Kalk in falls

under the year 1522, i. e. at a time when the history of inner India contains no informa tion whatever about the reign of a dynasty favourable to the Jaina doctrine. Accordingly I do not hesitate in the least to consider the tale about the acts of K a l k in and of his son

-

Now so far as the inducement to the above

two tales is concerned, the raid of the Mu d -

gal as into Sur à s h tra, Là ta, and the adjoining countries is referable only to the invasion of M a h m ſi d the Ghaznivide in the

years 1025 and 1026, during which he plun dered the rich temple of Som an à tha, in the peninsula of Gujarāt, and on his return march reached also the capital, A n a la vä d fi,” —especially as this event is placed before the time of Kum a rap a la . The name Mudgala is most correctly explained from the Sanskrit word mudgala, hammer, and understood to

mean the smashing power of the foreign invad ers.

It is difficult to discover the basis of the

second narrative, because several miracles and

incredible events are mixed up with it, e.g. the disinterment of the stûpa of King N and a, and the appearance of the stone-cow Lagmadevi. Further, the ancient capital Pā a lip u tra had long ceased to exist at the time to which I think the reign of Kalkin must be referred; and the reign of D a t t a also over Aryan and non-Aryan India is evidently a fiction. If this tale be divested of its fabulous addi

tions: Kalk in persecuted the Jainas but there by lost his life, whilst his son D at t a zealously

• See Ind. Alt. III. p. 558 seqq. The above explanation

of the name has been proposed by A. Weber, p. 41, note 2.

D at t a as inventions of D h a n e S v ar a, whose intention it was, by means of them, to open out to his co-religionists the vista of a happy future. To this also point the words with which the narrative closes: “During the reign of his son D at t a prosperity and plenty will reign everywhere, the rulers will be just, the ministers benevolent, and the people will ob serve the law.”

After the preceding examination of the pro phetic portion of the Satruñjayamāhātmya, Icon sider myself justified in placing the composition of this book in the age after the invasions of Ma h m d of Ghazni; in favour of this view I

also point to the destruction of the temple of B a lar a ma and Krish na at Math ur à, attributed to K a l k in , because M a h m tid

in 1017 actually demolished the celebrated tem ple of Krish n a which was situated there. § If this view is incontrovertible, as I believe it to

be, the work in question must either have two au thors, or, if it has only one, he can at the earliest, have written only in the first half of the 11th century; but, after all, the uniformity of the clear and simple style of both portions of this book, composed in Slokas, militates against the assumption of two authors. I leave it unde | For this reason A. Weber compares (passim, p. 14) the style with that of Bhattikāvya, the author whereof

+ Namely, according to XIV. v. 101 seqq. p. 92, Pan cham fir a, the pupil of W i r a, died 3 years and 84 months

was, according to Ind. Alt. III. p. 512, a contemporary of

after the demise of his teacher, and Vikram firka or

Vikramāditya lived 466 years 1} months after him, but

Som a de va, who lived much later under Harsha, a king of Kaš mir, uses just as simple and clear language.

Sridharasen a the first ; here, however, he overlooks that

Silāditya, according to above, p. 195,477 years after him.

The same observes (passim, p. 15) that the author of the work in question makes use of several words which elsewhere

The numbers give 946 years and 10 months, or nearly 947 fears. The passage about the age of Vikram fiditya is iterally as follows: “3 years and 8% months after the death of Vira, the law-purifying Pan cham Ār a will appear; 466 years and 13 months afterwards Vikra . will, according to the instruction of Sidd h as en ä, govern the earth according to the Jima doctrine, and su perseding our (i.e. the Jaina) era will propagate his own. 1 Time of the building of some of the larger temples at

at least are rare. The connection smarányasmi which occurs X. 153, sins directly against classic usage, because

Šatruñjaya-ED.

they are forms of the participial future in -ta, which forms are followed by many tenses of the auxiliary verb.

§ See Ind. Alt. III. 517.

asmi is a superfluous addition.

The comparison with the

formation of the auxiliary future of the conditional and of the four first forms of the aorist does not suit, because here the auxiliary verb is fused with the thema into a single form, the formation whereof philology alone has discovered. Similarly the examples ci in Boehtlingk-Roth's Sans krit Wörterbuche, I. p. 536, do not belong to this, because