482 WAR AND DEVELOPMENT.

ness, clothing, and provisions were required in large quantities and sold at high prices. Lewiston had also sprung up at the junction of the Clear water and Snake rivers, besides several mining towns in the gold- fields to the east. Nor were mining and cattle-rais ing the only industries to which eastern Oregon and Washington proved to be adapted. Contrary to the generally received notion of the nature of the soil of these grassy plains, the ground, wherever it was culti vated, raised abundant crops, and agriculture became at once a prominent and remunerative occupation of the settlers, who found in the mines a ready market. But down to the close of 1861, when the John Day and Powder River mines were discovered, the bene fits of the great improvements which I have men tioned had accrued chiefly to Washington, although founded with the money of Oregonians, a state of things which did not fail to call forth invidious com-

o

ment by the press of Oregon. But now it was anti cipated that the state was to reap a golden harvest from her own soil, and preparations were made in every part of the Pacific coast for a grand movement in the spring toward the new land of promise.

Before the vivid anticipations of the gold-hunters could be realized a new form of calamity had come.

White, W. P. Gray, Ephraim Baugbman of the E. D. Baker and later of the 0. S. N. Co. s boats above The Dalles; Josiah Myrick of the. Wilson G. Hunt and other boats; James Strang of the Rescue and Wenat; Joseph Kel logg of the Rescue, and the Kellogg; William Smith of the Wenat; William Turnbull of the Fannie Troup; Richard Hobson of the Josie McNear; James M. Gilman and Sherwood of the Annie Stewart; Gray, Felton, and Holman, whose names are associated with the ante-railroad days of transportation in Oregon. See McCracken s Early Steamboating, MS. ; Deady s Hist. Or. , MS. ; Deady s Scrap-book; Or. Argus, Feb. 22, 1862; Portland Oregonian, Dec. 26, 1864, and July 31, 1865; Or. Statesman, April 7, 1862; Olympia Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 10, 1858; Olympia Herald, Sept. 10, 1858; Land Of. Rapt, 1867, 69; U. 8. Sec. War Kept, ii. 509-11, 40th cong. 2d sess.; Cong. Globe, 1865-6, pt v. ap. 317, 39th cong. 1st sess.; Or. City Enterprise, Dec. 29, 1860; Dalles Mountaineer, Jan. 19, 1866; Hunting s Across America, 231, 250; 8. F. Bulletin, July 20, 1858; 8. F. Alta, March 4, 1862; Or. Laws, 1860, ap. 2; Census, 8th, 331; Ford s Road-makers, MS., 31; Or. Reports, iii. 169-70; Me- CormicVs Portland Directory, 1872, 30-1; Or. Deutsch Zeitung, June 21, 1879; Portland Standard, July 4, 1879; Astorian, July 11, 1879; Portland Ore,- gonian, April 20 and June 15, 1878; Richardson s Mississ., 401; Owen s Di rectory, 1865, 141; Bowies Northwest, 482-3.