IMMIGRATION. 465

From a combination of causes, the chief of which was the agitation of the question of slavery, the immi gration of 1859 was larger than any which had pre ceded it for a number of years. 9 Owing to the care taken by Captain Wallen to insure the safe passage of the trains, all escaped attack except one company, which against his advice turned off the main route to

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try that up the Malheur, and which w r as driven back with a loss of one man severely wounded, and four wagons abandoned. 10 Major Reynolds of the 3d artillery from Camp Floyd for Vancouver, with one hundred men and eight field-pieces, escorted the advance of the immigration, and Wallen remained to

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bring up the rear, sending sixty dragoons four days travel back along the road to succor some belated and famishing people. 11

In the spring of 1860 General Harney ordered two expeditions into the country traversed by predatory Snakes, not with the purpose of fighting them, as Wallen s inarch through their country had been uninterrupted, but to continue the exploration of a road to Salt Lake from Harney Lake, where Wallen s exploration in that direction had ceased; and also to explore from Crooked River westward to the head waters of the Willamette River, and into the valley by the middle immigrant route first opened by authority of the legislature in 1853.

This joint expedition was under the command of Major E. Steen, who was to take the westward march

9 Horace Greeley estimated that 30,000 people and 100,000 cattle were en route to California. This estimate was not too large, and instead of all go ing to California about one third went to Oregon, many of them settling in Walla Walla Valley at least 8DD. About 23 families settled in the Yakima Valley, 33 families on the Clickifcat, and others in every direction. Some settled in the Grande Konde and south of the Columbia, but not so many as in the following years. Olympia Pioneer and Democrat, Sept. 30, 1859; Or. Argu* , Oct. 15, 1859.

10 Dalles Journal, in Or. Argus, Sept. 24, 1859; Portland Oregonian, Oct. 15, 1859.

11 See letter in Olymina P. S. Herald, Sept. 16, 1859. Colonel Wright sent forward from Fort Walla Walla to meet the later trains which were des titute of provisions 250 sacks of flour, 50 barrels of pork, and other necessaries. Or. Statesman, Sept. C, 1859. HISI. OB., VOL. II. 30