now extant. His notes are mostly short and to the point,

and he frequently illustrates his remarks by anecdotes from Chinese history.

4. diff, Tu Yu (died 812) did not publish a separate commentary on Sun th’i, his notes being taken from the Tang Tim, the encyclopaedic treatise on the Constitution which was his life-work. They are largely repetitions of Ts‘ao Kung and Méng Shih, besides which it is believed that he drew on the ancient commentaries of I Wang Ling and others. Owing to the peculiar arrangement of the T‘zmg Tz'en, he has to explain each passage on its merits, apart from the context, and sometimes his own explanation does not agree with that of Ts‘ao Kung, whom he always quotes first. Though not strictly to be reckoned as one of the “Ten Commentators,” he was added to their number by Chi T‘ien—pao, being wrongly placed after his grandson Tu Mu.

5. 13135: Tu Mu (803—852) is perhaps best known as a poet — a bright star even in the glorious galaxy of the T‘ang period. We learn from Ch‘ao Kung—wu that although he had no practical experience of war, he was extremely fond of discussing the subject, and was more- over well read in the military history of the C/z‘zm C/z‘z'u and Clam [(250 eras. 1 His notes, therefore, are well worth attention. They are very c0pious, and replete with historical parallels. The gist of Sun th’i’s work is thus summarised by him: “Practise benevolence and justice, but on the other hand make full use of artifice and measures of ex- pediency.”2 He further declared that all the military