500 SIBERIA

feelings of others. In obedience to this all-powerful duty we have de- cided to address you at once, waiting for nothing, as will wait for nothing the historical process that threatens us with rivers of blood and the most terrible convulsions. The tragedy enacted on the Ekaterinski canal 1 was not a mere cas- ualty, nor was it unexpected. After all that had happened in the course of the previous decade it was absolutely inevitable ; and in that fact consists its deep significance for a man who has been placed by fate at the head of governmental authority. Such occurrences can be explained as the results of individual malignity, or even of the evil disposition of " gangs," 2 only by one who is wholly incapable of analyzing the life of a nation. For ten whole years — notwithstanding the strictest prosecution ; notwithstanding the sacrifice by the late Emperor's Government of liberty, the interests of all classes, the interests of industry and commerce, and even its own dignity ; notwithstanding the absolute sacrifice of every- thing in the attempt to suppress the revolutionary movement — that move- ment has obstinately extended, attracting to itself the best elements of the country, — the most energetic and self-sacrificing people of Russia, — and the revolutionists have carried on, for three years, a desperate par- tizan warfare w^th the administration. You are aware, your Majesty, that the Government of the late Emperor could not be accused of a lack of energy. It hanged the innocent and the guilty, and filled prisons and remote provinces with exiles. Tens of so-called " leaders" were captured and hanged, and died with the cour- age and tranquillity of martyrs ; but the movement did not cease — on the contrary it grew and strengthened. The revolutionary movement, your Majesty, is not dependent upon any particular individuals ; it is a process of the social organism; and the scaffolds raised for its more energetic exponents are as powerless to save the out-grown order of things as the cross that was erected for the Redeemer was powerless to save the ancient world from the triumph of Christianity. The Government, of course, may yet capture and hang an immense number of separate indi- viduals, it may break up a great number of separate revolutionary groups, it may even destroy the most important of existing revolutionary organiza- tions ; but all this will not change, in the slightest degree, the condition of affairs. Revolutionists are the creation of circumstances ; of the gen- eral discontent of the people ; of the striving of Russia after a new social framework. It is impossible to exterminate the whole people ; it is im- possible, by means of repression, to stifle its discontent. Discontent only grows the more when it is repressed. For these reasons the places of slain revolutionists are constantly taken by new individuals, who come i The place where Alexander II. was 2 The Russian word is shdiki, meaning assassinated. bands, or gangs of brigands, robbers or

murderers. [Author's note.]