faith, which compromised his honour, but many years passed away. At length a more powerful man, the Count of Miranda, took up the cse. He declared that all future agreement would be ilnpossible if faith in Spanish honour were destroyed. After eight long years of imprisonment Richard Hawkyns was released. He was knighted by James I. and made Vice-AdmirM of Devou; and he died in when about to skil as vice-admiral of a fleet for the punishment of Algerinc pirates.

The 'Observations of Sir Richard Hawkyns' were published in 16, and reprinted by the Hakluy Society in 1847 and 1. They are perfect storehouse of valuable navM information of all kinds, every incident of the voyage leading the writer into relniniscences of former experiences, or into dissertations on sub- jects having refereuce to navigation, seamanship, gunnery, or navM discipline. Richard Hawk)ms was the ideal of an ardent explorer and of a brave and thoroughly ecient naval ocer. If fortune had favoured. he would have lnade a great name. He has only left us most charming book; and Englishlneu read it with feelings of pride that the author was their countkvman, and with warm regre and sympathy for his misfortunes.

The three Elizabethan voyages into the South Sea did not lead directly to commerciM intercourse, because the Spanish monopoly was uncomprolnising, and the undertaking was too difficult and perilous. Bu in other directious the firs voyages of discovery were the forerunners of au active and prosperous trade to the Mediterranean, to he coas[ of Guinea, o Russia, and to Newfound- land, while the fearless Euglish seamen continued to frequent the West Indies. In 1581 a charter was granted o the Turkey pany, and consuls were appointed in the Levau; and in 1588 the firs Guinea Company received its charter, with the privilege of exclusive trade to the Senegal and the (4arabia.

But the oldest and most contilmous traffic was tha connected with the fishery on the banks of Newfoundland. According to Mr. Authony Parkhurst, who reported on "the true stae and commodities of Newfouudland" in 1578, there were from thirty to rifty sail h'equenting the banks from the wes of England, oue hundred from Spain for cod, and thirty Basque vessels for whales, fifty Portuguese, and one huudred and fifty Breton vessels of about 4/} tons.

On the 11th of June, 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert received