proper victuals. In the meantime the religious aspect of the expedition was kept prominently in view hy the erection on an ishmd m the harbour of tents and altars, where the people once lnore confessed, and received the Sacrament. Philip's motives, viewed from our present standpoint, are sufficiently apparent. He was animated hy personal pique, for his nmtrimonial advances had been repulsed hy Elizaheth, and he knew that he was detested in England. He had patriotic reasons for his action; for his huge empire oversea had suffered sorely from the depredations of the wihl spirits of England, and his suhjects ill the Iow Countries were being abetted in their' struggle for freedom hy English help and %'mpathy. And he had the religious incentive; for, himself a zealot of the most extreme type, he could have regarded no mission as more glorious or more worthy of a Christian sovereign than the bringing hack of England to the fold of the 14oman Church. Yet, in the eyes of the England of the third quarter of the sixteenth centuw, Philip, naturnlly enough, found no justification whatsoever. If he had heen repelled hy England and her queen, his gloomy and fanatic character had richly merited the rehuff. If he had suffered in his possessions oversea, the attitude of his representatives there had invited, nay, even compelled, hostile English action. If his lX'etherlands suhjects were in arms against him, Spanish tyranny and oppression were merely meeting with their inevitable reward. And, if lie stood for the Roman Catholic faith, Elizabeth stood as conspicuously for a faith which, though new, was already much dearer to tile majority in England. Even the English lloman Cath,,lics were not, with vet'>, rare exceptions, won over by Philip's assmnption of tile Crusader's cross. They were not religiously free, it is true, in those days; yet the>, knew well that, upon the whole, they were little worse off under Elizabeth than they would have heen under l'hilip. In England, liberty had shown its head, and could not lint grow and flourish. Already toleration was slowly extending. And the inspirations of a new and lusty youth had seized upon all Englishmen and rendered them proud of their nationality, no nmttcr whether they agreed or disagreed with the Reformation. So it was that many English Roman Catholics gallantly fought for England in that crisis, with arms as well as with diplomacy; and that few, indeed, cared to

range themselves, even passively, against her.