which she returned that they might inforln the authorities of the Hanse Towns of the fate of the rest. Sir �,'illiam Monson, commenting on the afiir, points out that the landing at Cortuma imperilled the lnain object of the expedition, not only by permitting the men to drink new wine, which seqously affected their health, but also by exposing them to a check which acted as a discouragement. But the real cause of failure was the ill-provided state of the fleet, some of the ships not having four days' victuals when they left Plymouth. Drake was blamed for having lain at Cascais instead of pushing up the Tagus to Lisbon; but it must be remembered that his ships were not in a positiou to supply the army, and that, had he mounted the river, he would have had to run the gauntlet of three castles, one of whicl lqonson held to be the most im- pregnable, froin seaward, in Europe. Moreover, if he had gone up, he might have been unable to get down again, the place being subject to contraT willds, and a strong current running in the estua T. And finally, there was a squadron of galleys at Lisbon. During the ,bsence of Drake and lX;orreys, Cumberland, having returned from his abortive second expedition, fitted out , new one of seven sail, including H.lI.8. Victory, lent him by the queen, and commanded, under the earl, by Christopher Lister, and the aqned vessels Megg, Captain �,:illiam 5Ionson, Margaret, and a caravel. Quitting llymouth oil June 18th, 1589, they took several prizes in the chops of the Channel, and were able to relieve some of the home-coining ships of Drake. Off the coast of ,qpain, they removed a quantity of Portuguese goods from some Hansa merchantmen� Off St. Michael's, in the Azores, they cut out some valuable vessels. At Fayal they did likewise, and, moreover, took tho town. Numerous other successes were won, but not without considerable loss. Lister, on the way home ill charge of one of the prizes, was drowned, and the rest of the expeditiou, including two or three English vessels which had joined it at sea, suffered great privations ere it again reached England. Allother privateering voyage was made in 1589 by the Dog, 70 tons, William 5Iichelson, master. She took several prizes in the Gulf of lIcxico; but a number of her people were treacherously

M,,nsun�s 'Tracts'; Ilakluyt, ii. I'. ii. 155; Purehas, iv. 1142; Ilarri, 

� Voyages,' i. 686.