The objects of the Armada vere effectually frustrated; but when the inmediate danger was overpast, thinldng ninds began to ask themselves whether, after all, the general policy of national defence would not be furthered rather by attacking the enemy in his own waters, than by merely checking his attacks upon England. The victory over the Armada had heen won in English waters, and withiu sight of the English shores. Should the struggle have been fought out there ? Ought it not to have been fought out in Spanish waters, seeing that Queen Elizabeth claimed to be sovereign of the 1Narrow Seas, and that, 'anting her claim, her reahu had been actually inwded, and that the invasion had been repelled only after it had insulted her territory ? These and similar considerations led to the adoption of a more active policy. The noral wlue ttaching to a vigorously offensive defence obtained recognition; and, while Cumberland, to whom the queen lent the Gold� L io for the puq)ose, was commissioned to Seas, it was deter- undertake a privateering venture to the South mined to vigorously attack Spain at home, ere she should have time to organise a new offensive expedition. I'hilip, as has been seen, had added I'ortugal to his dominions. The popular candidate for the throne of that country, Dom Antonio, was refugee in England,: and believed that, with a little naval assistance, he could gain a crown. 5Ioreover, lortugal had been the scene of the fitting out of one Armada, and might be the scene of the fitting out of second, Lisbon being the most convenient Atlantic p)rt in Spanish hands. For more than one reason, there- fore, Portugal seemed to be the best p(int at which to strike. An expedition was accordingly fitted out in 1589, partly at the queen's expense, but chiefly at the charges of private individuals, among vhom Sir Francis I)rake nd Sir John Norreys, with their immcdiate friends, were the most conspicuous? The States of Helland also co-operated. Some pieces of artillery for land service, a number of horses, several Dutch ships, and a considerable body of men either failed to join the fleet ere it sailed, or failed to get across the ]3ay of ]3iscay; so that the expedition was in many respects ill-found, nd inadequate for the work in hand. It put to

In this expedition the Earl accoml,lished very littic. l'urchas, iv. 1142; Harris, 

' V,yages,' i. g ,%owc, 752; Camden, iii. 600, 601; Faria y ,%_'taaza, v. c. 3.

llaklu?, ii. P. ii. 134; Purchas, iv. !.