mcnt to neglect these works altogether. At one crisis during his

reign, Henry was threatened with a combination between Frmce and the Empire; and, had such an alliance attacked him with all its resources, and seized the most favourahlc occasion for doing so, it is possible that the coast castles might ht[ve proved very useful. Upnor Castle on the Medway, and works at Portland, Hurst, Southsea, CaNhot, and elsewhere xverc built under Elizabeth, who also forreded Chathtun I)ockyard, on the site of the modern gun- wharf. The yard was transferred to its present sitmtion about 1692. Elizabeth, too, improved the alefences of I'lymouth) ,qcilly was first garrisoned, and St. Mary's Guernsey, and Jersey were fortified in 15!, when the Treaty of Mclun was concluded with France against ,qpain.

The first real dry dock iu England was built at Portsmouth under Henry YII., the superintendent of the work being Robert Brygandine, Clerk of the ,Ships, and the business being completed in 14.OlL This dock was of wood and stone, but was not closed by a caisson, or dock gate on hinges. What were called the "dock ,ates were two walls of wood or stone, one within the other, which overlapped and partially blocked the entrance. Vhen a ship, after passing between these wttlls, had been herrheal, the space between the two walls wits filled with earth, etc., and the dock then pumped ont. ,queh, at least, are the only conclusions to he plausibly drawn from contemporary accounts of the manner in which this dock was utilised?

Although, as has heen said, dockyards were established or improved, the number of dr 5' docks in the country remained very

Camden describes t'hatham Dockyard ns "stoted lBr the finest fleet the nn ever beheld, and ready at a minnte' warning, built lately hy our most gracious sovereigm Elizabeth, at great expense, lbr the secnrily of her uhjects nnd the terror of her enemie with a lbrt on the shore for its dellnee." The original dockyard became the gun wharf in the reign of Jame I., who began the exisling yard on a site farther t. the north. This wtm enlarged and much improved mder Charles I.

The mot nncient fot lbr the defence of Plymouth was built in the reig-n of Edwatl IlL by Edmund $ta,'d, Bishop of Exeter, and i, described by Leland as "a strong ca/le quadrate, having at each corner a great round tower." Thi lbrtress tood on the mth of the town, near the Barbican. In the reign of Elizabeth, numerous blockhone and l,lntlrms were erected on difit'ent points t,f the hore of the harbour; and sevet;l of them were, about the year lS.q2, combined into a lBrt, called the Fort on the Hoe l'lifl. 'Fitis was demolished upon the building of the citadel;in 1670-71.

hapter House, bk. vii. l,tt..si,, printed in Oppenheim's Nay. 2teeth. and Inventories of lien. I I2