In 1588, the superior officers who served against the
had daily pay as follows :--
s. d.
The Lrd High Admiral ............ 3 6 8 Lord Henry Seymour, as his Vice-Admiral ........ 2 0 0 Sir J.Im IIawkyns, as his Rcar-Admiral ...... 0 15 0 Sir Henry Pahner Sir William Wyntercommanding under Lord Henry Seymour .. I 0 0 Sir lIartin Frobiser ] Thomas Gray, "Vice-Admiral" under Lord H. Seymour (while in command of a detached force) .......... 0 6 8 Sir Francis Drake, "Captain and Admiral". ....... 1 10 0 Thomas Fenner, his "Vice-Admiral" . ....... 0 15 0 Nicholas Gorges, "Admiral" of the merchant coasters, tbr him and his lieutenant .............. 0 13 8
It would appear from the above that both rule and consistency were lacking in the apportionment of the pay of these officers; and the fact is that the rate depended quite as much upon the social rank and title of the recipient as upon his position in the fleet. In all these cases there were allowances, though of unknown amount in addition. In the Ann,d period, it may be added, the master in a flagship was virtuMly her captain in all senses; and the Thomas Gray, who is mentioned above as having commanded an independent or detached squatiron with the temporary rank of vice-admiral, had previously held, and may have reverted to, the position of master of the :4 rk.
The instructions of Howard of Effingham and Essex to the officers under their connn,nd for the C,diz Expedition of 1596 are so interesting, and throw so much light upon the nav,%l customs of a very important period in English history, th,t they are here printed at length, so fen- as they can be deciphered from the damaged manuscript a in which they are contained. They are axnong the earliest instructions extant, and seem to have served as a basis for many subsequent regul;;tions of the same sort.
"INSTnUCTNS AXD ARTICLES set dow by us, Pobert, tlt of .Essex, ad Charles, Lord Howard, Lord ]liyh Admiral of E.#laul, Generals of cr Majesty's forces employed in titis actleto, both by sea and land, to be obserrol by every Ca2tain and chief .lcer qf the .'tvy: A.d that every shiL,'s compa.y may not be igwrant hereof, we do hereby straitly charge and com.ttd all Ca),tuins to g-ire order that, at Sereice time, they nay be openly 'ead, twice every week.
"I. Irmus, that you take speciql care to serve God, by using of Common Prayers t From a paper, priuted in ' Defeat t,f Spanish Armada' (Navy Rec. $oc.) by Prof. L K. Laughton, ii. 314.
z Cotton . Otho. E. ix.