The San Francisco earthquake was caused by a new slipping on the plane of an old fault which had been recognized for a long distance in California, and in one place had been named the San Andreas fault. Associated with this fault is a belt of peculiar topography, differing from the ordinary topographic expression of the country in that many of its features are directly due to dislocation, instead of being the product of erosion by rains and streams. One of its characteristics is the frequent occurrence of long lines of very straight cliffs. Another is the frequent occurrence of ponds or lakes in straight rows. The tendency of erosion is to break up such cliffs into series of spurs and valleys and to obliterate the lakes by cutting down their outlets or filling their basins with sediment. Fig. 2 shows one of the fault-made ponds. This line and zone have been recognized by California geologists through a distance of several hundred miles. It was to this line Fig. 4. Diagrams Illustrating the Dislocation Causing the San Francisco Earthquake. The upper represents an earth block 100 feet square and 25 feet thick, with indication of the position of the fracture. The lower shows the relation of its two parts after faulting. that attention and expectation were especially directed, and it was on this line that the surface evidence of new faulting was actually found. The new movement was not coextensive with the line as previously traced, but affected only the northwestern portion; and, on the other hand, it extended farther to the northwest and north than the old line had previously been recognized. The accompanying map represents only the line along which the recent change occurred. From a point a few miles southwest of Hollister it runs northwestward in a series of valleys between low mountain ridges to the Mussel Rock, ten miles south of the Golden Gate. Thence northwestward and northward it follows the general coast line, alternately traversing land and water. The farthest point as yet definitely located is at Point Delgada, but the intensity of the shock at the towns of Petrolia and Ferndale probably indicates the close proximity of the fault and warrants the statement that its full length is not less than three hundred miles. South of Point Arena its course is direct, with only gentle flexure, but the data farther north seem to imply either branching or strong inflexion. Opposite San Francisco its position is several miles west of the coast line, and it nowhere touches a large town.

That which occurred along this line was a differential movement and permanent displacement of the rock and earth on the two sides of a