AMATO, Fra Elia d', an Italian ecclesiastic of the order of the Carmelites; born 1666, died 1747. He was a voluminous author, of more learning and diligence than judgment. One of his numerous works bears the title: "Museum Literarium, in quo pæne omnium scriptorum dubia, supposita, maledica, falsa, fabulosa, satyrica, proscripta, anonyma, suffurata, insulsa, putidaque monumenta, eruditorum criterio strictim expanduntur," (Naples, 1730, 4to.)—A. M.

AMATO, Giovanni Antonio d', called Il Giovane, nephew of Gio. Antonio. He learned painting of Gian Bernardo Lama, of the school of Polidoro of Caravaggio, whose style he imitated. Born 1535; died 1598. AMATO, Giovanni Antonio d', surnamed Il Vecchio, a Neapolitan painter of the school of Silvestro Buoni, who chiefly treated sacred subjects. Born 1475; died 1555. AMATO, Giovanni Maria, an Italian Jesuit, who wrote on Sicilian antiquities. Born at Palermo in 1666; died in 1726. AMATO, Giuseppe d', an Italian ecclesiastic, born 1757, died 1832, whose labours as a missionary in Ava were less successful than his studies in natural history. The results of these latter, in the shape of extensive collections, were lost in the Burmese war of 1834. AMATO, Joannes Carolus, a Spanish physician of the seventeenth century. AMATO, Leonardus, a Sicilian physician, who wrote in the seventeenth century. AMATO, Michele d', an Italian ecclesiastic of great erudition. He expended his learning on numerous works of a theological nature, one of which is on the subject, "Quibus de causis in antiquis fidei symbolis Nicæno et Constantinopolitano articulus ille, 'Descendit ad Inferos,' fuerit prætermissus;" published, along with, other three dissertations, at Naples in 1728. Born 1682; died 1729.—A. M. AMATO, Scipione, a skilful Italian lawyer and accomplished linguist of the seventeenth century. AMATO, Vincenzo, a Neapolitan author, who published, in 1670, a historical work on his native town of Cantazaro. AMATO, Vincenzo, a Sicilian musician, was born in 1629, and died in 1670. He held the office of maestro di capella at Palermo, and printed several sacred compositions for three, for four, and for five voices. AMATRICE, Nicola Filotesio dell', a Neapolitan historical painter and architect of distinguished merit; lived for a long time at Ascoli, where he left many works. An "Assumption" and a "Death of Mary," now in Rome, are amongst his best productions. He flourished about 1533. AMATUS, Lusitanus, a Portuguese Jew, who became eminent as a physician and writer on medical subjects in the sixteenth century. He was one of the earliest anatomists acquainted with the existence of valves in the veins, and some of his works are still considered worthy of being referred to. AMAURY, in Latin AMALRICUS, of Chartres, a theologian of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, who taught dialectics at Paris, and who, in commenting on the metaphysics of Aristotle, took occasion to advance the opinion that all things were derived from a primary simple matter, possessing the quality of necessary movement, identical with the Supreme Being, and finally receiving again into itself all the creatures which it had produced. Amaury endeavoured to make his philosophical doctrines tally with the dogmas of the church, but had the mortification to find Innocent III. launching a bull of condemnation against the "Physion," his principal work, in 1204. He was compelled to retract, but it is said the process of denying his conscientious convictions went so much to his heart that he died shortly after.

According to Amaury's theory there were three periods of universal history: the first or Mosaic, corresponding to the first person of the Trinity, God the Father; the second, or Evangelical, specially presided over by the Son; the third, and this period it was which Amaury considered it his mission to initiate, appropriated to the Spirit. During this last, the ordinances of the Christian religion, necessary during the previous period, were to be superseded. His followers, of whom he left a sufficient number to excite the fears of the orthodox, carried the doctrines of their master to an extreme, and suffered severe persecution. Numbers of them were burnt; and, whether owing to the precautions of the church or not, neither the writings of Amaury himself, nor those of David de Dinant, one of his disciples who wrote a defence of him, have come down to us.—A. M. AMAURY I. became king of Jerusalem on the death of his brother, Baldwin III., in 1165, having previously been count of Joppa and Ascalon. On the invitation of the caliph of Egypt, he undertook two expeditions to that country, in order to aid in resisting the invasion of Noureddin, sultan of Aleppo, one of whose generals was the famous Saladin. In neither of these was the king of Jerusalem particularly successful, nor was he more so when he turned against his former ally, and endeavoured to add Egypt to his own dominions. Egypt fell into the hands of Saladin, and Amaury I., trembling for his own throne, appealed for assistance to the Greek emperor. This he at first obtained, but latterly he had to resist, unaided, the repeated attacks of Saladin. He died in 1173 of extreme fatigue, incurred in one of his campaigns.—A. M. AMAURY or AIMERY II., called Amaury of Lusignan, was nominal king of Jerusalem from 1194 to 1205. The real masters of the realm during the entire period were the Saracens, to dislodge whom all his efforts were unsuccessful. Amaury II., who was king of Cyprus in his own right, had come to the empty title of king of Jerusalem, through his wife Isabella, widow of Henry count of Champagne.—A. M. AMAURY, AMALRIC, or AIMERIC, a patriarch of Jerusalem, to whose efforts it was principally owing that Amaury I. was made king. He died in 1180. AMAYA, a Spanish historical painter of the school of Carducho. He flourished about 1680. Some of his pictures are at Segovia. AMAYA, Francisco, a Spanish jurisconsult of considerable repute during the first half of the seventeenth century. AMAZIAH, son of Joash, was king of Judah when Jehoash was king of Israel. He was successful in a campaign against the Edomites, but was defeated and taken prisoner by Jehoash, who plundered the temple, yet seems to have left Amaziah in possession of his throne. Fifteen years after the death of Jehoash, he was slain by conspirators at Lachish, 811 b.c. AMBERES, Francisco de, a historical painter and sculptor, who worked at Toledo about 1508, under the patronage of Cardinal Ximenes. AMBERGER, Christoph, a German portrait-painter, born at or near Nürenberg about 1490, and a pupil of the Holbeins. Several of his paintings may be seen in the galleries of Munich, Vienna, and Berlin. Died 1563. AMBIGATUS, an ancient king of Gaul, said to have reigned in the seventh century before the Christian era. During his reign the population of the country became so numerous, that immense emigrations were organized under his two sons, Bellovesus and Ligovesus. AMBILLON. See Bouchet. AMBIORIX, a celebrated Gaulish chief, who offered a formidable resistance to Julius Cæsar. As prince of the Eburones, a Belgic tribe inhabiting the country between the Mouse and the Rhine, he was active in organizing, during the absence of Cæsar in Britain, that extensive conspiracy against the Romans which, in the winter of 54 b.c., burst forth in the attack on the entrenched camp of Quintus Tilurius Sabinus and Lucius Varunculeius Cotta. The attack was repulsed, but subsequently Ambiorix, who was wily as well as brave, contrived to draw this division of the Roman army into an ambuscade, in which it was almost annihilated. Soon after, he instigated the Nervii to attack the winter quarters of Quintus Cicero, which they did without success. Cæsar, deeply provoked at the determined hostility of the patriotic prince, whom he had at first tried to conciliate, marched into the country of the Eburones in his next campaign, and ravaged it with fire and sword, sparing neither sex nor age. The Eburones were swept from the face of the earth, but Ambiorix himself escaped. Nothing further is known of his history.—A. M. AMBIVERI, Francesco, an Italian author in prose and verse, rector of the Canobian school of Novara. Born at Bergamo in 1592, died in 1627. AMBIVIUS, Lucius Turpio, a distinguished Roman actor of the time of Terence (195—159 b.c.), and in after tunes thought worthy of being classed with Roscius. AMBLEVILLE, Charles d', a Jesuit, born at Paris at the beginning of the seventeenth century. He wrote a great deal of ecclesiastical music, some of the most important of which, including a mass for six voices, was published at Paris in 1634 and in 1636.