174

ESSAYS ON LIBERTY

against Papists and heretics. This is not only their right, but their duty; and not only their duty, but the condition on which they retain office. 1 Rulers who do not act in accordance with it are to be dismissed. Thus Zwingli combined persecution and revolution in the same doctrine. But he was not a fanatical persecutor, and his severity was directed less against the Catholics than against the Anabaptists,2 whose prohibition of all civil offices was more subversive of order in a republic than in a monarchy. Even, however, in the case of the Ana- baptists the special provocation was-not the peril to the State, nor the scandal of their errors, but-the schism which ,veakened the Church. s The punishment of heresy for the glory of God was almost inconsistent with the theory that there is no ecclesiastical power. It was not so much provoked in Z ürich as elsewhere, because in a small republican community, where the governing body was supreme over both civil and religious affairs, religious unity was a matter of course. The practical necessity of maintaining unity put out of sight the speculative question of the guilt and penalty of error. Soon after Z\vingli's death, Leo J udæ called for severer measures against the Catholics, expressly stating, however, that they did not deserve death. " Excolnmunication," he said, "was too light a punishment to be inflicted by the State which \vields the sword, and the faults i

question 

were not great enough to involve the danger of death."" Afterwards he fell into doubts as to the propriety of severe measures against dissenters, but his friends Bul- linger and Capito succeeded in removing his scruples, and in obtaining his acquiescence in that intolerance, which was, says his biographer, a question of life and death for the Protestant Church. 5 Bullinger took, like Zwingli, a

1 II Adserere audemus, neminem magistratum recte gerere ne posse quidem. nisi Christianus sit" (Zuingli, Opera. iii. 296), II If they shall proceed in an unbrotherly way, and against the ordinance of Christ. then let them be deposed, in God's name" (Schenkel, iii. 362), 2 Christoffel, Huldreich Zwingli, p, 251, 3 Zwingli's advice to the Protestants of St. Gall. in Pressel. Joachim Vc:dian, p, 45.

-.1 Pestalozzi. Heinrich Bullinger, p, 95. :; Ibid" Leo Judä, p. 50.