radical, and 人 jen man, and is explained as to seize the man ahead, hence to come up to. Here = and.

Lao see line 24.

Chuang is composed of 艸 ts'ao vegetation as radical, and 壯 chuang strong as phonetic. (The latter, composed of 士 shih a soldier as its old radical, with 爿 ch'iang or ch'uang a bedstead as phonetic, was the original character.) It is here the surname of a philosopher of the 4th cent. B.C., who wrote on the teachings of Lao Tzŭ.

175.	經	子	通	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}}$	When the Classics and the Philosophers are mastered,
	Ching1	tzŭ3	t'ung1
	Classic	philosopher	pierce

Ching see title and line 167.

Tzŭ see line 11.

T'ung see line 131.

176.	讀	諸	史	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}}$	the various histories should be read,
	Tu2	chu1	shih3
	Read	all	historian

Tu see line 134.

Chu is composed of 言 yen words and 者 chê (line 49). It is not necessary always to translate it rigorously; sometimes it is a mere sign of the plural. It also has various prepositional values, such as at, on, in, to, etc.

Shih was composed, under its old form, of 又 yu hand (line 18) grasping 中 chung the middle (line 64), sc. impartiality. It is defined as one who records events, and was applied in early ages to the Grand Astrologer of the Court.