a bridge, a beam, and is here the name of a dynasty, A.D. 502—557. See lines 73, 245.

Ch'ên is composed of 阜 fu⁴ or fou⁴ a mound, 阝 in combination, always on the left (line 230), as radical, 木 mu wood, and 申 shen to report as phonetic, and has apparently no connection with 東 tung east (line 62). It means to set forth, to state, and is here the name of a dynasty, A.D. 557—589.

Ch'êng is composed of 手 shou hand as radical, with 卩 chieh the half of an official seal or tally, and an obsolete character meaning the hands reverently folded. It signifies to receive from a superior.

229.	為	南	朝	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}}$	These are the southern dynasties,
	Wei2	nan2	ch'ao2
	Be	south	court

Wei see line 24.

Nan see line 61. Referring to the four dynasties in lines 227, 228, to each of which the word nan southern is often prefixed.

Ch'ao is composed of 倝 kan dawn (into the composition of which enters 旦 tan the sun appearing above the horizon, dawn), an old radical, and 舟 chou boat as phonetic. It was originally read chao¹, and meant early morning (line 265). Read ch'ao² it means the Court, audiences being held at dawn, and so by extension a dynasty. In consequence of its change of form it is now classed under radical 月 yüeh the moon.

230.	都	金	陵	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}}$	with their capital at Nanking.
	Tu1	chin1	ling2
	Capital	chin	ling

Tu is composed of 者 (line 49) and 邑 i a town or hamlet, 阝 in combination, always on the right (line 228). It also means all, every.

Chin see line 66.

Ling is composed of 阜 fou a mound (line 228) as radical, with