the domain of science and in the more strictly philosophic field.

The metaphysical or ontological part of psychology is in Wundt's view the actual part, and with this the science of nature and the science of mind are to be brought into relation, and thus constituted as far as possible philosophical sciences. In 1892 Wundt published Hyptioiismus und Suggestion. Subsequent important works are the Crundriss der Psychohgie (1896; 8th ed., 1907; trans. Judd, 3rd ed., 1907); Viilkerpsyckologis (1900-1906); Einleilung in die Philos. (1901; 4th ed., 1906). Two other works, containing accounts of the work of himself and his pupils, are Philosophiscke Sludien (1883-1902) and Psychologische Sludicn (190S foO.).

WUNTHO, a native state of Upper Burma annexed by the British and incorporated in the district of Kathain 1892. Wuntho was classed by the Burmese as a Shan state, but was never on the same footing as the true Shan states, and only escaped becoming an integral part of the Burmese empire through Burmese v/ant of system. The Shan name is Wying Hso, " the city of the high." It had an area of about 2400 sq. m. with 150,000 inhabitants, and lay midway between the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers. When the British annexed Upper Burma in 1885 the state became a refuge for rebels and dacoit leaders. Finally in 1891 the state broke out into open rebellion, the sawbwa was deposed, and a force of 1800 troops under General Sir George Wolseley occupied the town of Wuntho and reduced the state to order.

WUPPER, a river of Germany, a right-bank tributary of the Rhine, rising in the Sauerland near Meinerzhagen. The most remarkable part of its course is that in the so-called Wuppertal. In this section, 30 m. in length, it passes through the populous towns of Barmen and Elberfeld and supplies water-power to about five hundred mills and factories. Leaving the hills above Opladen, it debouches on to the plain and enters the Rhine at Rheindorf between Cologne and Düsseldorf, after a course of 63 m.

See A. Schmidt, Die Wupper (Lennep, 1902).

WURTTEMBERG, a kingdom of Germany, forming a tolerably compact mass in the S.W. angle of the empire. In the south it is cleft by the long narrow territory of Hohenzollern, belonging to Prussia; and it encloses six small enclaves of Baden and Hohenzollern, while it owns nine small exclaves within the limits of these two states.

It lies between 47° 34' 48" and 49° 35' 17" N., and between 8" 15' and 10° 30' E. Its greatest length from N. to S. is 140 m.; its greatest breadth is room.; its boundaries, almost entirely arbitrary, have a circuit of 11 16 m.; and its total area is 7534 sq. m ., or about -j^th of the entire empire. It is bounded on the E. by Bavaria, and on the other three sides by Baden, with the exception of a short distance on the S., where it touches Hohenzollern and the lake of Constance. Physical Features. — Württemberg forms part of the South-German tableland, and is hilly rather than mountainous. In fact the undulating fertile terraces of Upper and Lower Swabia may be taken as the characteristic parts of this agricultural country. The usual estimates return one-fourth of the entire surface as " plain, " less than one-third as " mountainous, " and nearly one-half as " hilly." The

average elevation above the sea-level is 1640 ft.; the lowest point is at Bbttingen (410 ft.), where the Neckar quits the country; the highest is the Katzenkopf (3775 ft.), on the Hornisgrinde, on the western border.

The chief mountains are the Black Forest (q.v .) on the west, the Swabian Jura or Rauhe Alb stretching across the middle of the country from south-west to north-east, and the Adclegg Mountains in the extreme south-cast, adjoining the Algau Alps in Bavaria. The Rauhe Alb or Alp slopes gradually down into the plateau on its south side, but on the north it is sometimes rugged and steep, and has its jine broken by isolated projecting hills. The highest summits are

in the south-west, viz. the Lemberg (3326 ft.), Obcr-Hohenbcrg (.3312 ft.) and Plettenberg (3293 ft.) . To the south of the Rauhe Alb the plateau of Upper Swabia stretches to the lake of Constance and eastwards across the Illcr into Bavaria. Between the Alb and the

Black Forest in the north-west are the fertile terraces of Lower Swabia, continued on the north-east by those of Franconia About 70 % of Württemberg belongs to the basin of the Rhine, and about 30% to that of the Danube. The principal river is the Neckar, which flows northward for 186 m. through the country to if)in the Rhine, and with its tril)utaries the Rcnis. Korhcr, Jagst, Ens, &c., drains 57 % of the kingdom. The Danube flows from east to west across the south half of Württemberg, a distance of 65 m., a srnall section of which is in Hohenzollern. Just above Ulm it is

joined by the lller, which forms the boundary between Bavaria and Wurttemberg for about 35 m. The Tauber in the north-east joins the Mam; the Argen and Schussen in the south enter the lake of Constance. The lakes of Wurttemberg, with the exception of those in the Black Forest, all lie south of the Danube. The largest is the Federsee (l sq. m.), near Buchau. About one-fifth of the lake of Constance is reckoned to belong to Wurttemberg. Mineral springs are abundant; the most famous spa is Wildbad, in the Black Forest. The climate is temperate, and colder among the mountains in the south than in the north. The mean temperature varies at different points from 43° to 50° F. The abundant forests induce much rain, most of which falls in the summer. The soil is on the whole fertile and well cultivated, and agriculture is the main occupation of the inhabitants.

Population. — The population of the four departments {Kreisej into which the kingdom is divided is shown below: —

District {Kreis).