Tegyd; laborem gave Uafur;

sagilla gave saelh;

remits gave

rli-Jiyf. This change IS called the " so(t mutation." (2) After nasals

^, t, c, b, d, g became respectively mh, nh, ngh, m, n, ng; thus tmpcrdlorg:iveyiiihcrawdr, a.ndambaclos (evidently a Brythonicaswell as a Gaulish word) gave amacth (;h, though etyniologically double, IS written single). This change is called the " nasal mutaiion." (3) PP- ". " became respectively ph or Jf. lit . cb; tlius pcccdlum gave j>eclia-u. ' d, later pechod, and Bnttones gave Brylhon. This change 15 called the " spirant mutation." The tenuis becomes a spirant

also after r or /, as m cnrjf from corpus, and Elffin from Alpinus, but It gives lit or //. The combinations act, ect, oct, ucl gave actli, aith. oeth, wylh, respectively; as in doelli, " wise, " from Lat. docliis, ffrwylk Uom Jnictus (4) Original i between vowels (but not Latin i) became h, and disappeared, initially it generally appears as h, as in haUn, " salt, " sometimes as i, as in iaith, " seven." Initial

/ and r became // and rh, as seen in examples in (i) above, but between vowels they remained. Similarly initial v became gw. as in g'Jiin, from Latin viniim, remaining between vowels, though now written w, as in cvdied from chntas. A consonant occurring medially is. generally speaking, invariable in the present language; thus the p and d of cupidus arc b and dd in cybydd, but with the initial consonant the case is different In one

combination the initial may remain, thus "otnos cupidus gave un cybydd, " one miser "

in another combination it may have originally stood between vowels, and so is mutated, as in "duo cupido, which gave da:i gybydd, " two misers."

Thus arose the system of " initial mutation "

an initial consonant may retain its original form, or may undergo any of the changes to which it is subject The names given above to these changes are those by which they are known when they occur initially the unchanged form being called the " radical."

The liquids / and r were brought into the system, the initial forms // and rh being regarded as " radical." The initial

mutations, then, arc as follows.

—

Radical