The epizootic diseases affecting the horse are not numerous, and may generally be considered as specific and infectious or contagious EpUootk 1" ircumstances of a favourable kind leading aadcoa- extension by propagation of the agent upon which tagtous their existence depends. This agent, m most of the aiseases. fnaladies, has been proved to be a micro-organism, and that it is so for all of them. one of the most serious maladies of the horse, ass and mule, prevails in nearly every part of the world Claaders: ^' is a contagious, inoculable disease, caused by the bacillus farcy. tnaUei, and specially affects the lungs, respiratory mucous and the lymphatic system. The virulent agent of glanders appears to establish itself most easily araone horses kept m foul, crowded, badly ventilated stables, o^r aSonl such as are over-worked, badly fed or debilitated. Glanders however, is always due to contagion, and in natural infection it ^fu, wiiT"/!?^"^'^ by inhalation of the bacilli, by ingestion of the virus with food or water, or by inoculation of a wound of the skin ^LM^^^^u^ membrane. Carnivorous animals—lions, tigers, dogs and cats—have become infected through eating the flesh of slandered horses; and men attending diseased horses are liable to be infectS especially if they have sores on the exposed parts of their bS J^°"^ "IJ^^J^ infection through wounds is the readiest way of t^^ H-'"^.^ disease, the bacillus may also obtain access through noL and iH ° ^^"^ ^" ^^ """^""^ membranes of the eyis, n, ij»l!^"P°"? °j*^ ^3i"'"^

• ^^s^ sometimes a distinction is

^fnfr.^ ^^^ ^'^"'^^'j With nasal ulcers and other symptoms of respiratory disease, and glanders of the skin, or farcy, but there is no essential difference between them. Glanders Ind farcy arfdul A., H!f f""^ causal organism, and both may be acute or chronic. Acute glanders is always rapidly fatal, and chronic glanders may become acute or It may terminate by apparent^ecoveryf l.he symptoms of acute glanders are initial fever with its accompaniments, thirst, ross of appetite, hurried pulse and respimtfoTM. emaciation, languor and disinclination to move. Sometimes the ees or joints are swollen and the horse is stiff; but the chamcteris^fc symptoms are a greyish-yellow viscid discharge from one or both nostrils, a peculiar enlarged and modulated condition of one or both subma-xillary lymphatic glands, which though they may be painful very rarely suppurate, and on the nasal membrane small yellow pimples or pustules, running into deep, ragged-edged ulcers and someumes on the septum large patches of deep ulceration.

The flf-^W. ^?^ ^^^ nose adheres to the nostrils and upper Up, and ^d fr-f "^'^ "^"u^- rP«?"S breathing, cau'sS snuffling fn, li 3 "'^^"°"'"S^^^ ymphatic vessels of the face are often involved and appear as painful subcutaneous "cords" passing across the cheek. These vessels sometimes present nodules which tt f'^ ^f^^^S^ a glutinous pus. As the disease progresses. ^nf, L TU " fE^x.^""^ sometimes completely perforate the septum jhe nasa discharge, now more abundant and tenacious IS streaked with blood ancf offensive, the respiration is noisy or I?>1nf!^' ^m"^ ^ !' """^M^ ^ coughing with bleeding from the nose. Gainful oederaatous swe! hngs appear on the muzzle, throat, between the fore legs, at the flank or on the limbs, and " farcy buds " may form on some of the swollen parts. Symptoms of congestion of the lungs, or pneumonia and pleurisy, with extreme prostration, diarrhoea and gasping respiration, precede death, which is due to asphyxia or to exhaustion. Tl!;^^."' °J 'l'^"g'anders generally presents few definite symptoms. JnlLTM^'^ "k ^ ^"r^ n?ay have a discharge from the nose, or an enlarged sub maxillary gland, or both, and small unbroken nodules may exist on the septum but usually there is no visible ulceration hl.lh^^^T^"^^^". °"1^. ^°'^^ suspicion of glanders may f, rf f by lameness and sudden swelling of a joint, by profuse staling, sluggishness, loss of condition and general unthriftiness. Of by refusal of food, rise of temperature, swollen fetlocks, with r^H W^? r^".^^' fif^' ""tl^^t ^P^ °"'^ symptoms of a common n, =, l ]^ u "' '" '?* ^^^^^, '^ ^°'^^ improves, but a one-sided nasal discharge continues, the sub maxillary gland enlarges, and, alter an interval, ulcers appear in the nose or " farcy buds " form in Ll°l^']}u^- h°'"'y} S'anders the horse may appear to be m good health and be able to perform ordinary work. In these STn'n^n?, ^-'"^"?^*^ ^'f, "^"" ""^ °'^y ^^ discovered by resorting to inoculation or the mallem test A Ii^h"*n-"?n ^ glanders, or farcy, .symptoms occur on the skin of hiZi V»"ally a hind one, or on the body, where the lymphatics l^°, ^L.I TM^ TMb !s much swollen, and TMrfc^ °^^ V, ^^ Pa'n.and difficulty. The lymphatic vessels fin^ J;f prominent lines or "cords. " hard and painful on manipula^U^rrth, 1 "^ ^-l^u"" ""n "'« "o^^'a^ swellings-the so-called larcy Duds These small abscesses break and discharge a yellow, glutinous, blood-stained pus, leaving sores which heal very slowly, disturbance ^^ te/nperature with other symptoms of consUtutional Medical treatment of glanders or farcy should not be attempted. The dis^ IS dealt with under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts. Morses which present suspicious symptoms, or those which wi I? '".S°u^^?*'.° •'^'^'^ "°od in the same stable with danderwl horses, should be isolated and tested with mallein. A^imlu S are found afl^ected should immediately be destroyed and thS harness clothing and the utensils employed with them' thoroueWv cleansed, whUe the stalls, horse-boxes and places S the horses have frequented should be disinfected. Forage left by elLdered horses should be burned or fed to cattle ^ slandered Mallem, which is almost indispensable in the diagnosis of latent glanders, was discovered in 1888 by Helman, a RusJan miK veterinary surgeon, and the first complete demonsSn K diagiiostic value was given in 1891 by Kalning, also of Russil S^d^/n^'fi^ ^° J the diagnosis of glanders !n animals, is th^ f!!TM J ^ ^^^^^'^ liquid-culture of glanders bacilli. It there- fore does not contain even dead bacilli, but it has in solution cemfn substances which are added to the liquid by the bacilli durW ^ei? growth (McFadyean). Employed under proper pr^audons and subcutaneously injected in a slandered horse. maTein caus^ a r'^Vofinlrn'"^^'"^^ ^' ^'^ - ^^-=- painfufswell^^rat u„£S'^°°^'i.'>'/"Pangitis is a contagious eruptive disease of the horse caused by the cryptococcus farciminosus. and characterized Ivmnh l'-^^ swellings and suppuration of the superficial "^^"^^ lymphatics. InfecUon can be transmitted by mediate ^P'^o*"* or immediate contapirin. The <.r.t^^^;^„ ........11.. lympbaa- or immediate contagion. The eruption usually appears '^"J" on the limbs, but it may occur on the body or on the head

• "'*

pKnrlp^ nr ft ^y^P'oms closely resemble those of cutaneous f^^h^Tt, ^ ^' ^'°'" "^^""^ ^^'^ ^'^^ "lay readily be distinguished by microscopic examination of the pus discharged from the fv^^'hf y .'«"ng the horse with mallein. Glanders and epizootic lymphangitis may coexist m the same animal. It is a scheduled disease, and treatment should not be attempted s^neauiea and k"iitVL^-'^l*'-°"i^S'°, "^ eruptive fever peculiar to horses, Hrlv .Mr! . P^J'^K^ incidental to young animals. It is particularly characterized by the formation of abscesses in the /

lymphatic glands, chiefly those between the branches of ^^^^'^^ fr^r n^ ^T (sub maxillary). Various causes have been ascribed s?Ihe f?nm ilf "^"5^ as change of young horses from field to stable, from grass to dry feeding, from idleness to hard work irritation of teething, and change of locality and climate. But the felerithnt " '"f^.t'°".by the strangles streptococcus. Languor and me^h-^nt • vw-"l'°" °{ appetite, cough, redness of the nasal membrane, with discharge from the eyes and nose, and thirst are cZcTde^t WWh'TP'?'"'^^^? ^ difficult in swallowing! of?he InL^ -^ development of swelling between the branches ?L Ji Yu'^ ^^Z' Y^"^^ °f'«" causes the water in drinking to be frn^'^i?^ iS^ ^K nose and. the masticated food to be dropped from the mouth. The swel ing is hot and tender, diffused, and uniformly rounded and smooth; at first it is hard, with soft, doughy margins; but later it becomes soft in the centre, where aA abscess is forming and soon "j)oints " and bursts, giving exit to a quantity ot pus. Relief is now experienced by the animal; the symptoms subside, and recovery takes place. In some cases the swelLg isTo great or occurs so close to the larynx that the breathing is interfered with and even rendered so difficult that suffocation is threatened in other cases the disease assumes an irregular form, and the swellintr If^! °l softening in the centre, remains hard for an indefinite time, or it may subside and abscesses form in various parts of the body, sometimes in vita! organs, as the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, <xc., or in the bronchial or mesenteric glands, where they generally produce serious consequences. Not infrequently a pustular eruption accompanies the other symptoms. The malady may terminate in ten days or be protracted for months, somedmes terminadng tatally from complications, even when the animal is weU nursed and kept in a healthy stable. Good nursing is the chief part of die treatment. The strength should be maintained by soft nutritious food, and the body keot warm and comfortable; the stable or loose-box must have plenty of fresh air and be kept clean. The swelling may be fomented with warm water or poulticed. The poultice may be a little bag containing bran and Imseed meal mixed with hot water and applied warm to the tumefaction, being retained there by a square piece ot calico, with holes for the ears and eyes, tied down the middle of the face and behind the ears. If the breathing is disturbed and noisy, the animal may be made to inhale steam from hot water in a bucket or from bran mash. If the breathing becomes verj' difficult the windpipe must be opened and a tube inserted. Instead of the swelling being poulticed, a little blistering ointment is sometimes rubbed over it, which hastens pointing of the abscess. When the abscess points, it may be lanced, though somedmes it is better to allow It to break spontaneously. It is important to distinguish strangles from glanders, and the distinction can, with certainty, be ascertained by resorting to the mallein test for glanders, or by microscopical e.lamination of the pus from the strangles abscess. Under influenza several diseases are sometimes included, and ia different invasions it may (and doubtless does) assume varying torms. It IS a specific fever of a low or asthenic, „ type, associated with inflammation of the mucous mem^"""f""-

brane lining the air-passages, and also sometimes with that of