Aleutian volcanic belt is a narrow, curved chain of islands extending rom Cooks Inlet westwards (or nearly .600 m. It is nitabfe tha? in the great ocean, as has been observed following the direction of the rock-folds According to Professor I. C Russell, an authority on the volcan^s IV- ^""fl"^ here are m the Aleutian Islands and in the peninsula no fewer than 57 craters, either active or recently extinct. hrom the Aleutian Islands the volcanic band of the Pacific direction, and passing to the peninsula of Kamschatka. where 4 volcanoes are said to be active, turns southwards and forms the estoon of the Kurile Islands. Here again the convexity of t^l insular arc is directed towards the ocean. This volcan c archt pelago leads on to the great islands of Japan, where the volcanoes have been studied by Professor J. Milne, who also described thTM? the Kur.les. Of the 54 volcanoes recognized as now active orTnW recently extinct in Japan, the best known is the graceful cone of the sacred mountain Fus.yama, but others less pretentious are far more dangerous. The great eruption of Bandaisan, about 120 mN of Tokio, which occurred in 1888, blew off one side of the peak called Kobandai, removing according to Professor Sekiya's estinSte about 2982 million tons of material. Aso-san in Kiushui, the southern e enormous size of i?s crater. In the Bonin group of islands volcanic activity is indicated by such names as Volcano Island and Sulphur Island. ^^ Japanese archipelago the train of volcanoes passes through some small islands in or near the Loo Choo (Liu I^u) groun and thence onwards by Formosa to the Philippine Islands, where subterranean activity finds abundant expression in earthquakes and volcanoes. After leaving this region the linear arranger^ent of the eruptive centres becomes less distinctly marked, fSr almost every island in the Moluccas and the Sunda Archipelago tSms with volcanoes, solfataras and hot springs. Possiblyfhowever I broken zone may be traced from the Moluccas through New Guinea and thence to New Zealand, perhaps through eattern AustraHa (for though no active volcanoes are known there, relfcs of com^ paratively recent activity are abundant): or again by way of the f'="l^.' -ok Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, the New Hebrides the Fiji Islands and Kermodoc Island. rieuriaes, nart'^of^ Nnrt^h'urJ'^H "" '" New Zealand is situated inthenorthern eruption of Tarawera in 1886. This three-peaked mountain on the south side of Lake Tarawera, not previously known to have been active, suddenly burst Rotomahana sub^ded with destruction of the famous sinter terraces. The crater of Tonganro is in the sofatara stage, whilst Mount Ruapehu is regarded WhT^""- 0^, Wh>te Island in the Bay of Plenty the cone of Wharkan is feebly active.

Far to the south, on Ross Island, oflF South Victoria Land in Antarctica, are the volcanoes of Erebus and Terror, the formed of which IS active. These are often regarded as remotely relaTed to the Pacific zone, but Dr G. T . Prior has shown that the Antarctic thl'padfi'cty'pe'^ examined belonged to the Atlantic and not Within the great basin of the Pacific, imperfectly surrounded by Ul.nrf /"'"^ °^ volcanoes, there is a vast number of scattered water ."nH om delp water, and haying in many cases active craters. The most imo?^LZ°lV"

Hawaiian Archipelago, where there is a chaTn w;, ?, ,1

^^^" ^/^! volcanic mountains-all extinct, however with the exception of three in Hawaii, namely Mauna Loa, Kilauea Itfsno"tabll"tL't"i°V"'" ""=^'"'" ^"i ^'^'^ d°TM=^"t since 18. i! within, „ that the two present gigantic centres of activity, though with n 20 m of each other, appear to be independent n thlr fT'nlL ^r^ °^ '^"^ Hawaiian Islands, as^pointed on by J. D. Dana, who was a very high authority on this group, consist oY two volcanoes united at the base, forming volcanic twins or douMets tJYj°^P! ^^?"^ °f ^^"^ P'^^'ic are connected with those of the Indian Ocean by a grand train of islands rich in voSes the's';, nHf T;^' r^ °uf ^f" ^"'"^ through the Moluccas and I.L =n^^ "I"' "i^*"^ ^^^y ^°TM a ^^"^ extending axially through Java and Sumatra. Here is situated the principal theatre of terrestrial vulcanicity, apparently representing an enormous Assure or system of fissures, in the earth's crust, sweeping in a bold cur^^e? wi^h iS convexity towards the Indian Ocean. tJ, » rrTT^T °^"'C peaks occur in the string of small islands to and^ne of hr-T.^%" ^'°^-^' Sumbawa, Lombok and Bali° and one of the most ternfic eruptions on record in any part of the rthe^LT?«, '=

• •'? PTM^'"*^*^ '^f

^°'I^'^°^°' '" the island Ysumbawa! IL ^rJ^ 1 ^ J^* contains within its small area as many as kri^f;<= I ^"•"' mountains-active, dormant and extinct. The actfve if «iHT"K ^^°" ""T f'- ^'gh, but the most regularity fntern.nt.^, t°-^ C°>^".°"g Lamongang, which is in almost unIn,8sf? activity, emitting usually only ashes and vapour, though nrJpn. tf <^amed forth. Many of the Javanese volcanoes present marked regularity of contour, with the sides of the cones ^AA ^ynimetrically furrowed by tropical rains and probably ridged by ash-shdes The radial furrows on volcanic cones are sometimes known as " bar ran cos." The little uninhabited island of Krakatoa in the Strait of Sunda origin. On the wes^-^drorATricaTthe^cImeroon'kTk is a volcir which was active in .909 . and the island of Femrndo Po is aLo vol S voi..^'°"^

^"1 l^i^'"

are not wantTng severa examD°es of volcanoes, such as Jebel Teir. Aden is situated in an old cm?er Passing to the Atlantic, a broken band of volcanoes recent and extinct, may be traced longitudinally through certain islands U, ^^ of which rise from the great submarine ridge%hat d1v"des the o«an in part of Its length, into an eastern and a western trough %l?» northern extremity of the series is found in Jan Mayen anisland in the Arctic Ocean, where an eruption occurred in 18 a llt ^ however, with its wealth of volcanoes and geysers is the mn^ important of all the. Atlantic centres. Accord n'g to Drf immense flood from Laki (Skapta Jokull) in 1783 are referable^ fissure eruptions, which are the characteristic thouehnoffh» exclusive form of activity in this island Proh^hK, , v /

• "^

also responsible for the sheets of odb^a in the terr^^^^^^^^^ the Faroe Islands, to which may have been elated the TelaTM volcanoes of the west of Scotland 'and the north of Ireland ^ An immense gap separates the old volcanic area of Britain from the volcanic archipelago es of the Azores, the Canariei anri 71, ^ r c'^ldl ", '" ^^'"^-^ '""'^ '^'-'^ - the Cana^ group'lkh'^a r^nlti^- 'f ^'^ "^^ l* "f^ ""TM'"'t' f^""' ^^'hich fissure! or bar ran cos I v^r^ h"'°"E " h^ h"'°^ °f vulcanology, in that it furnished L. von Buch with evidence on which he founded the " crarer of elevation theory The remaining volcanic islands of the Atlandc chain, all now cold and silent, include Ascension, St Helena and Tristan da Cunha, whilst in the western part of the South Ariantic are the small volcanic isles of Trinidad and Fcrdinando do Noronh^ St Paul s rocks appear also to be of volcanic origin ^^oronha. in thlfvvlL I T" "1?°"^^^' volcanic regions of the worid is found r^tilt T '"f"*'"' ""'^f^ ^^"^ ^.^^' Antilles-the scene of the great catastrophes of 1902—form a string of islands, stretching in a ref u^pr thl '^^r'^^'" ^ ^'•u^"'^ S. direction across the eastern efdo rth?n ^" ^'^- u^""^^""^ to frequent seismic disturbance^and fnr^VJ "°??°"^taras and hot springs, these islands seem to form the summit of a great earth-fold which, rising as a curved rid ^e from deep water, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantfc The volcanoes are situated on the inner border of the cu^f ItTs notable that the Antilles and the Sunda Islands, two of th^grande t theatres of yulcanicity on the face of the earth, are situated tt the antipodes of each other-one being apparently an eastern and hi other a western offshoot of the great Pacific girdle. 1 he European volcanoes, recent and extinct, may be reeardeH theTrantic b?nd"'^V "-d.^h"^'^ Ranches thrown off eLmardffrom LnHK.^ u^- ^y^'-""'"" '" the only active volcano on the mainland, but in the Mediterranean there are Etna on the co^st of Sicily; the Lipari Islands with Stromboli and Vulcano in chronic activitv; and farther to the east the archipelago of Santorin? where new isfands have appeared in historic times. Submarine eruptions have occurred also between Sicily and the coast of Africa; one in in^ 9n/'"^ ^""'" ""^ temporarily to Graham's Island, and another n 189. appearing near Pantellaria. itself a volcanic isle. Of the extinct European volcanoes, some of the best known are in Auyergne in the S.el in Bohemia and in Catalonia, whilst the vol" PhW r °r- M y '.""^""tf ^^ E"ganean hills, the Alban hills, the at lakes of Bolsena and Bracciano aller sheets of water are on similar anic islands no longer active include Ischia, with the of Epomco which was in a state of eruption in 1301; severa? fn

Vivera and others near Naples; Ind Po^Inos archipelago, such as Milos, Kimolos and

From the eastern end of the Mediterranean evidence of former