authority The

the facultattve

one tlurd of the

term of office in both cases 15 four years Besrdes Referendum " by which, m case of a demand by members of the legislative assembly, or by 800 cttrzens any law, and any resolutxon tnvolung a capltal expenditure of 40 000 or an

annual one of IO 000 francs must be submltred to a direct popular vote and the “1n1t1at1ve" at the demand of 1000 citizens ln

there rs also an

demand of 800 Ll

ase of amendments to the cantorlal const1tut10n, tmtlatne ' rn case of btlls, to be exerused at the mens The two members of the Federal Standemt, as well as the one member of the Federal Natzonulrut, are also elected by a popular vote

The earher history of the Canton is practically identical w1th that of nts c11p1tal Zug (see below) From 1728 to 1738 it was distracted by vrolent drsputes about the d1str1but1on of the French pensions In 1708 1ts mhabrtants opposed the French, and the Canton formed part of the Tellgau, and later of one of the drstrlcts of the huge Canton of the Waldstatten 1n the H¢l cnc repuhhc In 1803 It regarned IIS 1ndependence as a =eparate tanton, and by the Constltutlon of 1814 the “ Landsgememde ” or assembly of all the t1t17ens, which had exlsted for both d1str1Cts srnce 1376, became a body of electors to choose a cantonal counC1l The reform movement of 1850 d1d not affect the Canton, l.11Ch1l'1 1845 was a member of the Sonderbund and shared IH the war of 1847 In 1848 the rema1n1ng functions of the I 'lndsgemelnde were abohshed Both 1n 1848 and IH 1874 the canton voted against the acceptance of the federal Conshfutrors The ('()l'l“UlUIlOl of 1873 76 was amended 11.1 1881 and was replaced by a new one 1n 1894 9bTHOR1TIES*] ] Blumer Staats- und Rechtsgeschzchle der 5CfLt&L'1.f Demvkmlzen, 3 vols (St (fall, 1850-9), Geschzchtsfreund, from 18.13, A Lutol! Sagen Brawrhe Lage/uien aus den funf Often (Lucerne 1862), Achnlle Renaud .Staats und Rcchtsgeschzchte d Kan' /11 <Pforzhe1m 1847). H Pyffel Du: schwetz Lamisgememden (gZur1ch, 1903), F K Stadlm D1e Iopographze d Kant. Zug 4 parts (Lucerne I8]Q'24), B Stanb, Der Kant Zug, 2nd ed 7 e 186Q) A Struby Dre Alp und Werdewtrthschaft am Kant /ug '8oleure 1901) and the Zugenrches Neujahrsblall (Zug from 18@" (W A. B. C)

ZUG, capital of the Sw1ss canton of that name, a picturesque httlt town at the N E Comer of the lake of Zug, and at the foot of the Yugerberg (3255 ft), which rlses gradually, 1ts lower slopes thickly covered with lrurt trces Pop (1900) 6508, mmnly German spealung and Romaursts The lake shore has been embanked and forms a promenade, whence glorrous vrews of the snowy peaks of the Bernese Oberland, as well as of the Rrgr and Pxlatus, are garned Towards ILS northerly end a monument marks the spot where a part of the shore shppcd lflt() the lake IH 1887 The older part of the town IS rather crowrlccl together, though only four of the wall towers and a small p 1rt of the town walls st1ll survive The most stnkrng old bulldmg IH the town rs the parlsh Church of St Oswald (late 15th Century), dedicated to St Oswald, kmg of Northumbr1a (d 642) one of whose arms was brought to Zug in 1485 The town hall, also a 15th century bu1ld1ng, now houses the H1stor1cal and Arntxquar an Museum There are some qua1nt old palnted houses close by R htrle way h1gher up the hrll S1d€lS a Capuchm ton ent 1n a strxkmg pos1t1on, close to the town wall and leamng against rt blrll lugher, and outsrde the old town, IS the line new parlsh church of Qt Mrchacl, consecrated m 1902 The buslness quarter IS on the r1s1ng ground north of the old town, near the rarlw ay statron Several line modern buxldrngs ruse on or close to the shore 1n the tov n and to rts south, whrlst to the south west rs a convent of Capuchrn nuns, who manage a large grrls school and se eral other educatxo nal establishments Thr town first mentroned rn 1240, xs called an “ appuium ” rn tu# and a “ castrum ” xn 1255 In 1273 rt was bought by Rudolph ot Habsburg from Anna, the herrcss of Kyburg and wrfe ot Eberhtrd head of the cadet line of Habsburg, and 1n 1278 part of xts territory the valley of Aegen, was pledged by Rudolph as security for a poruon of the marnage glft he pronnscd to Joanna, daughter of Edward I of England, who was betrothed to lns son Hartmann, whose death In 1281 prevented the marrlage from takmg place The town of Lug was governed by a banhff appointed by the Habsburgs, and a council, and was much favoured by that famrly. Several country dxstncts (Baar, Menzlngen, and Aegen) had each 1ts own “Landsgememcle ” but were governed by one ba1l1tI, also appointed by the Ilabsburgs, these were known as the “ Aeusser Amt, ” and were always favourably disposed to the Co11fede1ates On the 27th of June 1352 both the town of Zug and the Aeusser Amt entered the Swtss Confederat1on, the lattcr bCllIg rccen ed on exactly the same terms as the town, and not, as was usual 1n the Case of Country d1str1cts, as a subject land, but 1n Septe1rber 1352 Zug had to acknowledge 1ts own lords agatn and 1n 1355 to break off nts connexion w1th the league About 1364 the town and the Aeusser Amt were recovered for the league by the men of Schwyz, and trom th1s t1me Zug took part as a full member 1n all the act= of the league In 1379 the (jerrnau klng Vtenccslaus exempted Zug from all external jurrsrllcllons, and m 1389 the Habsburgs renounced the1r clarms, 1'Cb€1'<ll1g only an annual payment of twenty sllver marks, and th1s Came to an end IH 1415. In 1400 Wenceslaus gave all cr1m1nal |ur1sd1Ct1on to the town only The Aeusser Amt then, 1n 1404, clarmed that the banner and seal of Zug should be kept 1n one of the country d1str1cts, and were supported IH th1s cla1m by Schwyz the matter was finally settled 111 1414 by arbrtratron and the banner was to be kept 1n the town I'1nally1n 1415 the right of electmg the1r “ landammann ” was g1ven to Zug by the Confederates, and a share 1n the cr1m1nal jurrsdxctron was granted to the Aeusser Amt by the German king S1g1smund In 1385 Zug jo1ned the league of the Swab1an c1t1es against Leopold of Habsburg and shared IH the v1Ctory of Sempach, as well as 1n the V3I'l0US Argov1an (14r5) and Thurgovmn (1460) conquests of the Confederates, and later 111 those 1n Italy (1512), having already taken part 1n the oCCupat1on of the Val d'()ssola Between 1379 (WalCl1w1l) and 1477 (Cham) Zug had acquired vanous d1str1cts 1n her own neighbourhood, prrncrpally to the north and the west, wh1Ch were ruled t1ll 1798 by the town alone as subject lands At the t1me of the R€fOTH&t1OH Zug clung to the old farth and was a member of the “ Chrrstliche Vere1n1gung” of 1529. In 1586 It became a member of the Golden League (W A B (.)

ZUG, LAKE OF, one of the mrnor Sw1ss lakes, on the outskirts of the Alps and N of that of Lucerne Probably at some former date It was connected by means of the Lake of Lowerz and the platn of Brnnnen with the Lake of Luterne At present it IS formed by the Aa, wh1ch descends from the R1g1 and enters the southern extrem1tV of the lalte The Lorzc pours ILS waters 1nto the lake at ILS northern extrenuty, but Ii m further W 1ssues from the lake to pursue ILS course towards the Peuss The Lake of Zug has an area of about 15 sq m, 15 about 9 rn nn length, 2% HI 1n breadth, and has a maxlmum depth of 650 ft, while 1ts surface 15 1368 ft above sea-lex cl I'or the most part the lake is IH the Canton of Lug, but the southern end ts, 10 the extent of 32 sq m, 1n that of Schwyz, wh1le the Canton of Lucerne clalms about 2 sq m, to the N of Immensee Toward the S W extre1n1ty of the lake the R1g1 descends rather steeply to the water's edge, wlnle part of ILS east shore forms a narrow level band at the foot of the Rossberg (SIQ4 ft) and the Zugerberg At 1ts northern end the shores are uearly lex el, wh1le on the west shore the wooded promontory of Buonas (w1th tts castles old and new) projects picturesquely 1nto the waters The pr1nc1pal place on the lake IS the town of Zug, whence a railway (formerly part of the St Gotthard maln route) runs along 1ts eastern shore past Walchw1l to Arth at tts south end, wh1ch ls con nected by a steam tramway wuth the Arth-Goldau statxon of the St Gotthard lxnc Thxs hue runs from Arth along the western shore to Immensee, where xt bears S W to Lucerne, wh1le from Immensee another raxlway leads (at 'Eusr some way from the shore) to Cham, 3 ru W of Lug Ihe first steamer was placed on the lake m 1852 Many frsh (lncludlng plke and carp of considerable werghts) are taken 1n the lake, wh1ch rs espeually famous by reason of a peculxar kxnd of trout (Salma salzvelmus, locally called Rothelz) rw A B C)

ZUHAIR [Zuhaxr xbn Abi Sulmfi Rabi' a ul Muzam] (6th century), one of the sxx great Arabxan pre Islamxc poets Of h15 l1fe practically nothmg xs known save that he belonged tq